reSee.it - Related Video Feed

In this discussion, Elizabeth Stokoe explores the nuances of conversational analysis, particularly focusing on the role of filler words like "um" and "ah," which are often dismissed as errors but serve specific functions in communication, such as indicating thought processes or difficulties in articulation. The conversation begins with the common greeting "How are you?" which, while seemingly mundane, can reveal much about the nature of the interaction. Stokoe contrasts this with urgent conversations, where such pleasantries are omitted, highlighting how context shapes communication. She provides examples from emergency calls, illustrating how individuals convey distress without directly stating it, using coded language instead. Stokoe discusses the importance of brevity in communication, especially in high-pressure situations, and how people's responses can be influenced by their conversational partners' cues. She emphasizes that the presence or absence of small talk can indicate the urgency or seriousness of a conversation. Stokoe also touches on the dynamics of silence in conversations, noting that longer pauses can create discomfort and signal a breakdown in communication. She shares insights from her research on crisis negotiations, where effective negotiators use specific language to foster dialogue and reduce resistance. The discussion extends to the impact of language on interpersonal relationships, suggesting that the way questions are framed can significantly affect responses. Throughout the conversation, Stokoe highlights the complexity of human interaction, emphasizing that understanding these dynamics can improve communication in various contexts, from casual conversations to high-stakes negotiations. She concludes by encouraging awareness of how language shapes our interactions and the importance of adapting communication strategies to different situations.

The guest argues that the highest return on health efforts comes from strengthening social ties. He calls friendship a central lever, citing research that links close relationships and time together with lower mortality and describing a long-term rise in social isolation. He says fewer people have multiple friends, more meals are eaten alone, and modern communication tools can contribute to disconnection. He also attributes the problem partly to hesitation and mistaken beliefs about how others will respond when someone initiates a conversation, emphasizing that simple openings often lead to engaging dialogue. He describes practical ways to increase interaction through “micro-interactions,” such as talking with people in everyday settings, and he stresses that this applies even to introverts. He discusses how digital communication can enrich existing face-to-face relationships but is less effective at forming new bonds, noting that teams and classes struggled when people began without prior in-person familiarity. He also addresses concerns about younger generations becoming less skilled in reading social norms, suggesting that prolonged reliance on online interaction can reduce comfort with customary behaviors like eye contact, greeting styles, and appropriate physical boundaries. He frames social confidence as a learnable skill, built by initiating, asking questions, and listening. He then contrasts social connection with diet and exercise, saying social isolation has measurable biological effects involving inflammation, cardiovascular outcomes, and immune responses. He criticizes the wellness industry for relying on weak or exaggerated evidence, especially claims based on preliminary animal or laboratory work, and he criticizes high-dose “optimization” and many supplements. As an example, he discusses red light therapy as comparatively safer but notes that larger, well-designed trials are often missing, while he expresses skepticism toward some peptide approaches. He argues that longevity should not be the sole goal; instead, people should seek a fulfilling life that often involves helping others and maintaining pleasure in healthy routines. He addresses public health concerns including obesity and ultra-processed foods, recommending incremental changes such as reducing sugary drinks, increasing fruits, vegetables, and fermented foods, and prioritizing fiber from whole foods rather than added fiber in packaged products. He also highlights eggs as a nutrient-dense option, warns against excessive protein targets, and emphasizes practical activity: aerobic exercise, regular resistance training to prevent age-related muscle loss, and sufficient sleep. Finally, he identifies useful personal metrics as limited, focusing on maintaining functional capacity such as VO2 max.

Dr. Orion Taraban discusses the current relationship crisis, highlighting a significant decline in traditional relationships and casual hookups, particularly influenced by the rise of dating apps and pornography. He notes that fewer people are getting married, with statistics showing historic lows in marriage rates in the U.S. and a global trend of declining birth rates. This shift has created a confusing dating landscape, where many individuals struggle to find meaningful connections despite the apparent ease of online dating. Taraban emphasizes the importance of dating with intention, likening it to a job search where persistence and presentation are key. He argues that everyone can enhance their attractiveness and that less conventionally attractive individuals may need to learn more about seduction to succeed in the dating market. He also points out that pornography has altered men's sexual behaviors, leading to a disconnect from real-life relationships, as men may become overly reliant on virtual satisfaction. The conversation touches on the psychological aspects of masculinity, noting that many men feel lost in understanding their roles in modern society. Taraban suggests that masculinity is in crisis, leading to the rise of figures like Andrew Tate, who offer performative masculinity as a solution for confused young men. He highlights the challenges men face in dating, including increased competition and the pressure to present themselves attractively. Women, on the other hand, often struggle to find suitable long-term partners, with many seeking advice on how to secure a committed relationship. Taraban notes that women have historically been prepared for marriage from a young age, making the current difficulties in finding partners particularly perplexing. The discussion also explores the transactional nature of relationships, where individuals seek to fulfill their needs and desires. Taraban argues that successful relationships often stem from understanding and meeting each other's needs, rather than relying solely on emotional connections. He emphasizes that love and friendship cannot be bought or earned, but rather are gifts that must be freely given. Taraban concludes by addressing the impact of technology on relationships, suggesting that the future may see further complications as virtual realities and AI become more prevalent in dating. He expresses hope that individuals will adapt and find ways to navigate the evolving landscape of relationships, emphasizing the importance of personal growth and understanding in fostering meaningful connections.

Theo Von and Malcolm Gladwell discuss a range of topics from tour updates to deep reflections on human judgment, society, and technology. They begin with updates: a new Austin show, other tour stops, and new merch, followed by gratitude for a New York recording space provided by Keat of Rosecrans and Ad Hoc Collective. Gladwell is introduced as a journalist, public speaker, New York Times best‑selling author, host of Revisionist History, who probes what makes us human and how stories and facts overlap. They reminisce about meeting in a Brentwood coffee shop years ago, and drift into a broader conversation about how hair can signal intelligence, how Beethoven and Einstein shaped public perception of genius, and how appearance cues affect our expectations of intellect. The discussion pivots to Gladwell’s book Talking with Strangers. They agree the book asks why so many encounters with strangers go wrong and cites Bernie Madoff, a spy named Montez, and Jerry Sandusky to illustrate misread signals. They discuss Sandra Bland’s case, where the officer misreads unhappiness as threat, raising questions about how professionals like officers and doctors should resist rushing to conclusions in high‑stakes moments. Gladwell emphasizes the need for patience and notes productivity pressures—police supervisors measuring encounters, doctors with many patients—undermine careful interpretation. They contrast this with a claim about how meeting someone can worsen predictive accuracy in areas like parole decisions and job interviews; Gladwell shares his own hiring experiments that deprioritize interviews and highlight the environment’s role in enabling people to thrive. The conversation broadens to purpose and validation. They discuss the “three kinds of validation”: liking what you’re doing, support from people around you, and feedback from the broader world. When any of these is missing, happiness suffers. They cite coaching burnout caused by intense parental expectations and reflect on craftsmanship, recognition, and pride in work as vital to meaning. Technology and online life receive extensive treatment. They discuss the erosion of shared cultural experiences once provided by mass media, the susceptibility of people to online bubbles, and the need to reach through closed online cultures by engaging real individuals. They consider AI’s potential to democratize expertise—an AI accountant for taxes, budgeting, negotiating with credit card companies—while acknowledging fears of machines viewing humans as the problem. A cautionary anecdote about a person who used AI to reveal personal unhappiness and job dissatisfaction appears, along with a note that deleting texts can protect privacy. They turn to race, identity, and history. Gladwell describes Covington, Louisiana, and his Jamaican mother, the complex layers of Black Lives Matter, and how social, legal, and cultural shifts since the mid‑20th century have altered life for Black communities. They contemplate a long‑term future in which races become “beige,” while recognizing persistent cultural differences in expressions and interpretations across cultures. The talk closes with mutual appreciation for curiosity and the value of dialogue, leaving listeners with a sense of wonder about human perception, history, and technology.

The discussion centers on charisma, social anxiety, and the traits that contribute to effective interpersonal communication. Groundbreaking research from 2002 identified that highly charismatic individuals are magnetic due to their warmth and competence, which account for 82% of our judgments about others. Awkwardness often stems from fear of judgment, leading individuals to either withdraw or overcompensate. Studies show that social cues of rejection can trigger physiological responses, and labeling fear can help regain control. Neuroticism plays a significant role in how individuals react to social situations, with high neurotics experiencing heightened anxiety and difficulty recovering from negative experiences. Charisma acts as a social lubricant, facilitating the acceptance of ideas. To enhance charisma, individuals can utilize 96 cues, focusing on warmth through gestures like smiles and nods. Verbal cues also matter; using inviting language can foster collaboration. The conversation emphasizes the importance of authenticity, understanding personal triggers, and overcoming shyness by engaging in meaningful interactions. Techniques for dating include being upfront about personal values to attract compatible partners. Overall, the key to overcoming social barriers lies in understanding and effectively using both verbal and non-verbal cues.

In this episode of the Huberman Lab podcast, Andrew Huberman interviews Lori Gottlieb, a psychotherapist and best-selling author, discussing the complexities of relationships and personal growth. They explore how feelings serve as a guide in relationships, emphasizing the importance of self-awareness and communication. Gottlieb highlights the tendency for individuals to create narratives about their experiences, often influenced by childhood interactions that discourage emotional expression. This leads to difficulties in accessing feelings and understanding oneself. Gottlieb explains the concepts of self-regulation and co-regulation in relationships, stressing the need for individuals to manage their emotions while also supporting their partners. She advocates for taking breaks during conflicts to allow for emotional regulation before addressing issues, which can prevent escalation and misunderstandings. The conversation shifts to the impact of technology on relationships, particularly how texting and social media can complicate communication and emotional connection. Gottlieb emphasizes the importance of face-to-face interactions for deeper understanding and connection, as digital communication often lacks the nuances of in-person conversations. They discuss the significance of recognizing and addressing personal narratives that shape one's view of relationships. Gottlieb encourages listeners to examine their own stories and the beliefs they hold about themselves and others, advocating for a shift from a victim mentality to one of agency and empowerment. Gottlieb also addresses the challenges of modern dating, particularly for younger generations navigating relationships in a digital landscape. She notes that the abundance of choice can lead to dissatisfaction and a fear of commitment, as individuals may constantly seek better options rather than investing in their current relationships. The discussion on grief highlights the importance of processing loss and understanding its multifaceted nature. Gottlieb emphasizes that grief is not linear and can manifest in various ways, often intertwined with personal narratives about identity and self-worth. Throughout the episode, Gottlieb provides practical insights and tools for listeners to improve their relationships and self-understanding. She introduces her workbook, which serves as a guide for individuals seeking to rewrite their narratives and engage in meaningful self-reflection. In conclusion, the conversation underscores the importance of presence, emotional awareness, and the willingness to explore one's own stories in the pursuit of healthier relationships and personal growth.

Future tech brings promised benefits and unintended consequences. Social media, once seen as a connector, has led to isolation, cyberbullying, and challenges in dating. Looking ahead, driverless cars may eliminate car ownership and change social interactions. Concerns about artificial intelligence include its potential to outsmart humans, emphasizing the need for emotional programming. Robotics threaten jobs, while bioengineering raises ethical questions about designer babies. Ultimately, the real issue is how humanity will wield technology, revealing our true selves.

The episode centers on a provocative shift in how humans interact with machines, arguing that voice as a primary interface could finally liberate users from the I/O bottleneck of keyboards. The host and guest discuss the premise that thinking happens much faster than typing, and the real bottleneck is translating thought into written text. The guest, founder of Whisper Flow, shares how their product aims to replace typing with immediate, accurate dictation that captures intent rather than mere words, delivering a “second brain” that operates across devices and applications. Early history of voice assistants is revisited, including a teenage project that predated Siri and a fast rise and dramatic shutdown by Google, which inspired a long arc of experimentation and product iterations across dozens of prototypes. The conversation then delves into the user experience, highlighting the three “aha” moments: first realizing that voice can quickly produce perfect text, then shaping workflows to reduce cognitive load, and finally observing the behavioral shift where Flow supplants keyboard usage. The discussion also explores the broader implications for accessibility, noting hundreds of millions who struggle with keyboards due to dyslexia or motor limitations, and the ethical, design, and societal questions about a future where spoken language drives most compute. In rapid-fire and demo segments, the guest demonstrates the practical speed and reliability of Whisper Flow, contrasts it with typing, and paints a future where ambient, context-aware voice assistants become nearly invisible, reducing friction in professional and personal life. The episode closes with reflections on how voice-first computing could reshape communication, collaboration, and human relationships, while acknowledging trade-offs like the need for precise phrasing in certain contexts and the ongoing balance between staying present and staying connected through screens.

Peter Yang discusses a shift toward deeply integrated automation where software and agents handle more knowledge work, suggesting the future favors small, agile teams aided by autonomous agents rather than large product groups. The conversation explores OpenClaw as a practical example of this trend: personal use cases like voice-based interactions, multi-channel presence, and the ability to connect with services such as documents, analytics, and communications. They highlight how such a system can be extended with memory, coding capabilities, and live task execution, while acknowledging current limitations like memory drift and the need for manual reminders to keep agents aligned with user goals. The dialogue delves into how product workflows may blur the line between apps and agents, with the agent stack overcoming traditional boundaries by handling identity, payments, and other primitives in a single integrated flow. They debate the relative importance of human-like niceties in interaction versus raw capability, noting that even imperfect tools can catalyze rapid experimentation, prototyping, and live troubleshooting, such as live phone calls or on-the-fly skill creation. The discussion broadens to business implications: coding agents could redefine SaaS and internal tooling, enabling smaller teams to launch and iterate quickly while still leveraging external platforms for scale. They contrast codex-like precision with Claude-like conversational fluency, and consider the future of work where many tasks may be automated while humans focus on ideation and higher-level product development. The guests reflect on organizational design, suggesting a shift toward leaner teams that rely on agents to execute, while recognizing that not all roles will disappear and that a balance of speed and thoughtful pacing will be necessary for sustainable progress. The exchange closes with optimism about individual entrepreneurs and bootstrap paths enabling broader participation in AI-enabled innovation.

In this discussion, Jordan Peterson and Mark Changizi explore the intersections of evolutionary biology, perception, emotion, and language. Peterson announces his new book, *We Who Wrestle with God: Perceptions of the Divine*, which focuses on biblical stories and their practical implications. He emphasizes the importance of understanding foundational narratives to improve one's life. Changizi, an evolutionary biologist and author of *Expressly Human*, shares his unique hypothesis on the evolution of color vision. He argues that color vision evolved not primarily for detecting ripe fruit but to better perceive emotional signals in others, particularly through changes in skin tone related to health and emotional states. This ability to detect emotional displays enhances social interactions and communication. The conversation shifts to visual perception, where Changizi discusses his background in mathematics and cognitive science. He highlights the importance of understanding the function of evolved traits, such as vision, rather than merely their mechanisms. He critiques the reluctance within the evolutionary biology community to engage with teleological explanations, arguing that rejecting design overlooks the functional aspects of evolution. They delve into the implications of evolutionary psychology on human behavior, particularly regarding the far-left's rejection of essential human nature. Changizi suggests that this rejection stems from a desire to promote radical social constructionism, which posits that human behavior is infinitely malleable. This perspective, he argues, can lead to a lack of accountability and responsibility. The discussion also touches on the evolution of language, positing that emotional displays underpin linguistic abilities. Changizi argues that language evolved as a means to facilitate social negotiation and cooperation, relying on emotional signaling to convey confidence and intent. He compares this to poker, where social capital is staked in the form of reputation during interactions. Finally, they explore the cultural evolution of writing and music, suggesting that these forms of expression harness our perceptual systems. Changizi posits that reading and music are cultural products that evolved to resonate with our innate perceptual abilities, emphasizing that our understanding of language and art is deeply rooted in our evolutionary history. The conversation concludes with a nod to the ongoing challenges of online discourse and the implications of anonymity in social interactions.

The conversation between Peter Attia and Ted Schaeffer covers various topics, primarily focusing on technology and its impact on daily life. They discuss the evolution of devices like the Apple iPhone and iPad, highlighting their influence on communication and personal interactions. Schaeffer shares insights about how technology has transformed social dynamics, particularly among younger generations. They also touch on the importance of online platforms for education and connection, emphasizing how these tools can enhance learning experiences. The discussion includes references to various software and hardware advancements, illustrating the rapid pace of technological change. Schaeffer expresses a sense of nostalgia for simpler times while acknowledging the benefits that modern technology brings. The conversation reflects a blend of appreciation for innovation and a critical view of its implications for human relationships and education. Overall, the dialogue encapsulates the dual nature of technology as both a facilitator of progress and a potential disruptor of traditional social structures.

The episode features a multi-topic discussion sparked by a mix of light cultural commentary and tech-forward curiosities. The hosts open with a light critique of a Super Bowl advertising gimmick that invites paying with affection, debating whether such campaigns reflect genuine corporate social responsibility or are primarily aimed at boosting profits. The conversation then shifts to a real-world example of how technology and social behavior intersect, as a video of a harassment incident on a plane prompts reflections on public shaming, personal responsibility, and gender dynamics across different cultures. A segment about robots in banking introduces Nao robots, highlighting their multilingual capability and emotion-reading features, raising questions about customer service quality and the future of human-robot interactions in everyday tasks. The discussion moves to broader themes of AI and machine learning, with participants weighing the benefits of efficiency against the potential loss of human contact, and they consider whether AI could ever achieve true empathy or merely simulate it. Beyond technology, the panel explores society and cultural shifts, including debates over gender-neutral fashion, body modification trends, and the ethics of cosmetic surgery. The hosts consider the psychological and social drivers behind trends like the “human Ken doll,” self-image, and the power of online platforms to shape perceptions. The conversation naturally extends to the influence of social media on identity, with references to Facebook and the wider internet ecosystem, the implications of constant connectivity, and the question of whether a balance can be struck between digital life and offline experiences. The episode also touches on science-fiction references and existential questions about whether humanity might eventually delegate more intimate experiences to machines, while simultaneously acknowledging the enduring value of human connection. Throughout, the hosts invite audience input on personal experiences, beliefs, and predictions about the trajectory of technology, privacy, and cultural norms, closing with a reflective note on whether a period of digital downtime might improve well-being.

The discussion begins with playful anecdotes about how people get their names and how misunderstandings can become public stories. It covers an example of a famous athlete being named after a political figure, plus a humorous mix-up involving a fighter’s walkout music that resulted from incorrect contact details. The hosts also reflect on how entertainment formats shape viewer behavior, using a dating show as an example, and they swap ideas about music choices for entrances and performances. The conversation then shifts to modern technology and culture. It describes concerns about machine-generated writing showing awkward metaphor patterns, contrasting how systems may perform differently on coding versus creative prose. It also looks at how certain online behaviors in one region may not translate directly to other regions, and it compares cultural expectations around silence, public decorum, and disruption. From there, it moves into psychology and social behavior, explaining survivor guilt as an adaptive signal of group commitment, and discussing tears as potentially reflecting different emotional states. The episode closes with lessons about worry, anxiety, and attention, emphasizing that rumination rarely changes outcomes, that people often interpret anticipation as threat, and that acting more strategically and empathetically can shift relationship dynamics.

The conversation explores how people infer other minds and why those inferences often lead to errors in social situations. The guest explains that mind-reading happens automatically: when we observe independent agents, we look for explanations in beliefs and intentions. He describes three common routes to understanding others—using the self as a reference, relying on group stereotypes, and inferring internal states from observed behavior—each of which improves predictions while also introducing predictable biases. He further discusses how eyes and gaze provide strong information about attention and intention, and how voice adds additional cues about emotion, thinking, and intentionality. Experiments discussed in the episode suggest that hearing someone’s voice can reduce tendencies to discount others’ intelligence or reasoning, especially in politically charged contexts, because paralinguistic signals communicate the presence of a mind in real time. A major portion of the episode focuses on practical strategies to lessen fear when interacting with unfamiliar people. The guest argues that effective approaches require real-world exposure rather than imagination or rehearsal, emphasizing that the goal is not to suppress anxious feelings but to update beliefs about how others will respond. He links this to broader evidence that social connection affects well-being and health, including findings that time spent alone relates to worse daily well-being compared with days that include contact with other people. The discussion also distinguishes between low-effort contact, such as brief messages, and relationship-building conversations that require more direct interaction. The episode addresses media and technology by considering how communication cues differ between text and speech, and how synthetic interaction might approximate some benefits if it preserves key features like vocal variability. Throughout, the guest illustrates these ideas with anecdotes about spontaneous conversations, small acts of friendliness, and moments that improve both partners even when they do not lead to lasting relationships. He also discusses how conversation works as a form of responsiveness and synchrony, making people feel seen and confirming that they matter. Examples include asking for help, starting brief greetings in everyday settings, and using small steps to practice connection without becoming intrusive. He adds that people sometimes interpret ambiguity too negatively, and that treating social encounters as opportunities to test mistaken expectations can open up more frequent, positive experiences.

In this episode of Conversations with Tyler, Mary Gaitskill discusses her writing and insights into human behavior, particularly regarding unhappiness. She reflects on characters like Velvet's mother, who embodies a persistent struggle against adversity, suggesting that deep-seated injuries from early experiences often lead to a defensive posture that hinders joy. Gaitskill emphasizes the importance of understanding both literal and fictional portrayals of unhappiness, aiming to evoke empathy in readers for those who feel out of place in their communities. She also touches on the complexities of social interactions, admitting her confusion in social settings despite her clarity in writing. Gaitskill critiques the current state of social media and its impact on communication, noting the potential for both positive connections and overwhelming stimulation. She expresses concern over the rigid responses of some students to language and ideas, highlighting a shift in societal attitudes toward expression and identity. Gaitskill concludes by sharing her ongoing writing projects and the importance of continuing to explore the human condition through her work, inviting readers to engage with her writing on platforms like Substack.

The episode delves into how language evolves in the age of social media, exploring how virality, platform design, and algorithmic incentives shape the words and styles people use. The hosts and guest examine the concept of clip farming and the way certain terms and memes acquire power not for their literal meaning but for their ability to trigger engagement and distribution across platforms. They discuss the emergence of meta words and in-group slang, how different online communities cultivate distinct linguistic registers, and how influencers craft accents and speaking styles to optimize attention, retention, and relatability. A central thread is that language functions as a tool of identity, signaling belonging to specific cohorts while also being molded by the very systems that reward provocative or emotionally arousing content. The conversation expands to how linguistic innovation arises from subcultures such as the manosphere, fantasy communities, and LGBTQ+ vocal traditions, and how those innovations migrate into mainstream usage. The speakers also consider the role of education, news media, and broadcasting in shaping linguistic norms, contrasting traditional formats like TED Talks and newscasts with contemporary online pedagogy. They analyze how the rise of AI language models alters our collective vocabulary, pointing to patterns such as Latin-derived terms gaining prominence in AI discourse, and how reinforcement learning biases can subtly steer everyday speech. Throughout, the dialogue emphasizes the tension between individuality and conformity: people strive to express themselves while navigating a landscape saturated with prompts, templates, and “holds” that keep audiences scrolling. The episode also touches on the broader cultural and ethical implications, including concerns about misinformation, information warfare, and the homogenization of language due to algorithmic bottlenecks. The discussion threads through the evolution of slang, the portability of linguistic signals across platforms, and the ways in which we might preserve linguistic diversity in the face of growing digital homogenization, all while recognizing that language is a living, context-driven artifact shaped by human creativity and constraint alike.

This episode of The Joe Rogan Experience features Mac Lethal, who discusses various topics including his experiences with Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, the underrated charm of Kansas City, and the impact of technology on filmmaking and personal expression. Mac shares his journey in music, emphasizing the importance of connecting with fans through unique content rather than traditional routes like major record labels. He highlights the evolution of the music industry due to the internet, allowing independent artists to thrive. The conversation shifts to the influence of digital media on societal issues, particularly regarding the complexities of consent and the implications of alcohol consumption in sexual encounters. They explore the nuances of personal responsibility in these situations, debating the effects of intoxication on consent and the cultural shifts surrounding these discussions. Mac also touches on the phenomenon of radical feminism and the emergence of online communities that challenge traditional norms. He appreciates the dialogue these movements create, even if he doesn't always agree with their conclusions. The discussion includes the importance of vulnerability in art and how sharing personal struggles can resonate with audiences. They delve into the nature of fame and the changing landscape of celebrity culture, noting that audiences are increasingly drawn to authenticity and flaws rather than the polished images of the past. Mac emphasizes the significance of being open about one's imperfections and how that fosters deeper connections with fans. The episode also features humorous anecdotes about Mac's cousin Bennett, whose illiterate text messages have gained popularity online. Mac discusses the potential for a book and a TV adaptation based on these texts, showcasing the blend of humor and personal storytelling in his work. Overall, the conversation reflects on the rapid changes in society driven by technology, the importance of honest dialogue about complex issues, and the evolving nature of creativity and connection in the digital age.