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The discussion with Theodore Postal centers on Iran’s potential to develop nuclear weapons, how they could be produced with existing materials, and the catastrophic consequences of a regional nuclear exchange, particularly involving Israel and Iran.
Postal explains that Iran already possesses 60% enriched uranium hexafluoride in canisters, with about 50 kilograms per canister and roughly 400 kilograms across ten such canisters, enough to produce 11 atomic bombs if fully processed to 90% enriched uranium. The material could be converted to metal in a compact process inside tunnels using centrifuge cascades (he notes a cascade of 174 centrifuges as an example) to raise 60% uranium hexafluoride to 90% enriched uranium over weeks. He describes a compact, vault-sized setup for converting enriched UF6 to uranium metal, including a high-temperature, corrosive process with uranium tetrafluoride, lithium or calcium, and a high-pressure container to yield 90% enriched uranium ingots. He asserts that assembling a simple plutonium- or uranium-based weapon—conceptually depicted as a sphere with two explosive plugs and conventional explosive-driven segmentation—could yield a functional device without any need for testing. He claims Iran could produce 10–11 such weapons within weeks, with multiple cascades shortening timelines.
Postal emphasizes that Iran could carry out such production in tunnels or other hidden spaces, not solely Isfahan or Fordo, especially after the U.S. abandoned the JCPOA and monitoring waned. He argues that the edict attributed to Ayatollah Khomeini would allow Iran to use nuclear weapons if attacked or its existence is threatened, even if it has not yet completed weaponization. He asserts this makes Iran capable of retaliatory action once equipment and sufficient material are present.
Moving to potential targets and effects, Postal describes a hypothetical Iranian response to an Israeli nuclear strike on Tehran. He presents a scenario in which the Iranian targeteer seeks maximum damage, deploying several low-yield nuclear devices to maximize death and destruction. He outlines the progression of a nuclear detonation: a small, short-lived fireball producing intense heat and X-ray radiation that heats surrounding air to about a million degrees, creating a powerful blast and a fireball that expands rapidly. The ensuing fires generate a buoyant updraft, drawing in air and creating a large-area conflagration with fire-driven winds of hundreds of kilometers per hour, leading to firestorms and widespread destruction over tens of square kilometers.
He contrasts blast effects with fire as the principal killer, noting that even a lower-yield weapon would produce lethal prompt radiation at certain ranges, with many people dying from the fires and radiological effects in the ensuing hours to weeks. He describes radioactive rain and fallout dependent on weather patterns, wind directions, and timing, potentially affecting cities like Tel Aviv downwind from the epicenter.
Postal argues that a nuclear attack would be met with a nuclear retaliation even if Iran lacks weaponization at the time of the attack, resulting in millions of deaths and horrific destruction on both sides. He provides grim visualizations and describes the aftermath, including decimated streets, incinerated interiors, and the catastrophic impact on shelters and infrastructure.
Toward policy, Postal urges Israelis to adopt a live-and-let-live approach toward Iran, arguing that current strategy has eroded Western support and could provoke unacceptable consequences. He asserts that the war as seen from the Israeli-American perspective has already been lost and calls for a credible diplomatic stance, with mutual recognition of Iran’s right to exist and a shift away from sneak attacks or coercive diplomacy. He notes American public sentiment shifting against defending Israeli actions and suggests Israel must rebuild an economy strained by conflict, implying a broader reevaluation of regional strategy and alliances. He concludes with a stark warning: attacking Iran risks millions of deaths and a disaster beyond prior experience.