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Coronavirus, as a pathogen model, was identified in 1965 and seen as modifiable for various purposes. In 1966, it was used in a transatlantic biological experiment. By 1967, human trials began, inoculating people with modified versions. The common cold was turned into a chimera in the 1970s. By 1990, coronavirus was an industrial problem for dog and pig breeders, leading to Pfizer's first spike protein vaccine patent. However, from 1990 to 2018, research indicated coronavirus mutated too quickly for vaccines to be effective. In 2002, the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill patented an "infectious replication defective" clone of coronavirus, funded by NIAID's Anthony Fauci, preceding SARS 1.0. SARS is engineered, not naturally occurring like the common cold.

We need to be proactive in searching for emerging diseases before they become a global threat. Peter Daszak, who collaborated with the Wuhan Institute of Virology, discovered 50 previously unknown Coronaviruses in bats. These Coronaviruses have the potential to jump from wildlife to humans. Our organization works with labs worldwide, subcontracting the work and ensuring we have a country program officer in each location to manage our projects.

In 1965, coronavirus was identified as a pathogen that could be modified for various purposes. The first human manipulation experiment took place in 1966, followed by transatlantic data sharing in 1967. In the 1970s, coronavirus was modified in animals like pigs and dogs. By 1990, it was discovered that coronavirus caused gastrointestinal issues in dogs and pigs, leading to Pfizer filing the first spike protein vaccine patent. The spike protein was not a new problem, as it was known since 1990. Vaccines for coronavirus have been ineffective due to its ability to mutate quickly, as stated in numerous independent scientific publications. In 2002, the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill patented an infectious replication defective clone of coronavirus, funded by Anthony Fauci. This suggests that SARS was engineered and not a naturally occurring phenomenon.

We isolated coronaviruses from animals in the past to understand their threat to other species by culturing them on different cell types. This process, known as gain of function, involves enriching mutants that can infect new species. The speaker emphasizes that mass vaccination in humans is a significant gain of function experiment, leading to virus evolution. This real-world experiment involves constant virus changes due to human-to-human transmission under vaccine pressure.

Research on potential pandemic pathogens, known as gain of function studies, has led to valuable public health insights. Previous NSABB reports support this. While I won't argue for the necessity of this research, there are many freely available studies showing how mutations identified through these studies have helped us prepare for epidemics and pandemics.

The discussion centers on gain-of-function (GoF) research, its regulation, and the motivations behind it. The first speaker notes the administration’s goal to end GoF research and asks where that stands. The second speaker says progress has been made, and the White House is working on a formal policy. He then defines the issue in stages: what GoF research is, why someone would do it, and how to regulate it to prevent dangerous projects that could catastrophically harm human populations. He clarifies that GoF research is not inherently bad, but dangerous GoF research is. He gives an insulin example: creating bacteria to produce insulin is a legitimate GoF that benefits diabetics. In contrast, taking a virus from bat caves, bringing it to a lab in a densely populated city with weak biosafety, and manipulating it to be more transmissible among humans is a dangerous GoF that should not be supported. The administration’s policy aims to prevent such dangerous work entirely, and the President signed an executive order in April or May endorsing this policy. Next, he discusses implementation: how to create incentives to ensure this research does not recur. He explains that the utopian idea behind such research was to prevent all pandemics by collecting viruses from wild places, testing their potential to infect humans by increasing their pathogenicity, and then preparing countermeasures in advance (vaccines, antivirals) and stockpiling them, even though those countermeasures would not have been tested against humans yet. If a virus did leap to humans, the foreseen countermeasures might prove ineffective because evolution is unpredictable. This “triage” approach—identifying pathogens most likely to leap and preemptively preparing against them—was the rationale for dangerous GoF work, a rationale he characterizes as flawed. He notes that many scientists considered this an effort to do bioweapons research under the guise of safety and defense. The work is dual-use. The U.S. is a signatory to the Biological Weapons Convention and does not conduct offensive bio-weapons research, but other countries might. The discussion highlights that the GoF research discussed during the pandemic can backfire and may not align with true biodefense, since countermeasures might not match whatever pathogen actually emerges. The speaker concludes that this agenda—pursuing GoF to prevent pandemics—has drawn substantial support from parts of the Western world and other countries for about two and a half decades, but he implies it is not deserving of continuation.

In 1965, coronavirus was identified as a pathogen that could be modified for various purposes. The first transatlantic coronavirus experiment took place in 1966, followed by human trials in 1967. In the 1970s, coronavirus was manipulated in animals, and by 1990, it was recognized as a problem for dogs and pigs. Pfizer filed the first spike protein vaccine patent in 1990. It was known since then that coronavirus mutates too quickly for vaccines to be effective. In 2002, the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill patented an infectious replication defective clone of coronavirus, funded by Anthony Fauci. SARS 1.0 was engineered and not a naturally occurring phenomenon.

Animal viruses that jump to humans often struggle to infect effectively due to their evolution in animals. The first SARS virus in 2003 had a 10% mortality rate but only infected 8,000 people because it didn't adapt well to humans. In contrast, COVID-19 attached perfectly to humans, suggesting possible lab manipulation. Researchers used a supercomputer to find that the virus did not attach well to other animals, indicating it was pre-adapted for humans. Evidence points to a 2018 research project that aimed to create a virus similar to COVID-19. Despite this, obtaining records from the Biden administration has been challenging, even with bipartisan support for transparency. The situation remains frustrating, highlighting the need for further investigation.

The speaker discusses the global wildlife trade and its connection to the emergence of new diseases. They focus on SARS and how it originated from a wildlife market. Through surveillance of bats in Southern China, they have discovered over 100 new SARS-related coronaviruses that pose a threat to humans. Some of these coronaviruses can infect human cells and cause SARS-like disease. The speaker emphasizes the need for continued surveillance and understanding of these spillover events, as any one of them could potentially lead to a pandemic. They also mention the challenges in developing vaccines and antivirals for these diverse coronaviruses.

Coronavirus was isolated in 1965 and quickly identified as a pathogen for experimentation. In 1966, the first COV model was used in human manipulation experiments. By 1990, Pfizer patented a spike protein vaccine for coronavirus. Research showed vaccines were ineffective due to the virus mutating rapidly. In 2002, the University of North Carolina patented an infectious replication defective clone of coronavirus, funded by Anthony Fauci. This work preceded SARS 1.0 by a year, suggesting engineered origins.

Coronavirus was isolated in 1965 as one of the first infectious replicatable viral models, associated with the common cold. In 1966, the very first COV coronavirus model was used as a transatlantic biological experiment in human manipulation. In 1967, the first human trials on inoculating people with modified coronavirus were conducted. Between 1975 and 1977, we started modifying coronavirus by putting it into different animals, pigs and dogs. By 1990, Pfizer's first spike protein vaccine patent for coronavirus was filed. From 1990 to 02/2018, every publication on coronavirus vaccines concluded that coronavirus escapes the vaccine impulse because it mutates too quickly. In 02/2002, UNC Chapel Hill patented ‘an infectious replication defective clone of coronavirus’ funded by NIAID's Anthony Fauci from 1999 to 02/2002. That work allegedly preceded SARS-1; SARS is the research developed by humans weaponizing a life system model to attack human beings, patented in 02/2002.

There will be another pandemic; it's just a matter of time. The annual risk is around 2% to 3%, and we must prepare for future outbreaks, including unexpected ones, often referred to as "black swans." The work we do now is crucial for readiness, as we will inevitably face new challenges and different types of viruses. It's essential to acknowledge that surprises will arise, and we need to be equipped to handle them.

We are addressing real and critical threats related to a novel coronavirus called CAPS, which is similar to the viruses that caused the SARS epidemic and MERS outbreaks. We need to be prepared for a fast-moving and highly lethal pandemic of a respiratory pathogen. This disease is more transmissible than SARS or MERS and as contagious as influenza. The virus can be easily transmitted through the air, making everyone susceptible. Asymptomatic individuals can also spread the virus, leading to a severe pandemic that affects people worldwide. Many countries will be affected simultaneously.

During the early stages of the pandemic, a group of virologists were consulted by the NIH. Some believed that the virus could not have occurred naturally, while others thought it was a 50/50 chance between a lab or natural origin. However, only one narrative was publicly discussed. Later, a paper titled "Proximal Origins of the SARS CoV-two Virus" was released, claiming that the virus was natural. This paper referenced a 2014 article about a 2020 outbreak, which seemed odd considering the years in between. Additionally, a grant proposal called the "diffuse grant proposal" was discovered, stating that experiments were being conducted to test the infectivity of similar viruses and even insert a furin cleavage site, which is present in the virus causing the pandemic. These findings raise concerns about the origins of the virus.

In 2015, Obama, Fauci, Gates, and Pelosi met with the bat lady in Wuhan to discuss research. In 2017, Fauci predicted a coronavirus outbreak. Fauci and Bright discussed vaccine development in 2019. Daszick mentioned dangerous coronaviruses in China. They fear a pandemic from these viruses. They are working on vaccines but face challenges. This could lead to a global reset.

Chinese researchers have created a super virus by combining a protein from bats with the SARS virus found in mice. This virus could potentially infect humans, although it is currently only being studied in laboratories. The debate over the risks of this research is not new, with some scientists arguing that the benefits outweigh the potential dangers. However, others are concerned about the possibility of the virus directly infecting humans without an intermediate species. The US government had previously suspended funding for research aiming to make viruses more contagious, but this did not stop the Chinese research on SARS. Some experts believe the chances of the virus spreading to humans are minimal compared to the potential benefits, while others disagree.

Scientists sequence the virus and compare it to known pathogens like SARS. They discovered similar coronaviruses in bats and focused on the spike protein that attaches to cells. Chinese researchers created pseudoparticles with spike proteins from these viruses to test their binding to human cells. Each step of this process helps determine if the virus can become pathogenic in humans. Manipulating the spike protein in the lab is crucial for understanding the zoonotic risk. By obtaining the sequence, scientists can predict the virus's behavior more accurately.

In 2015, the National Library of Medicine published a study by 15 virologists and medical experts warning that SARS-like bat coronaviruses pose a potential threat to humans. The scientists, with decades of experience in studying coronaviruses, examined how SARS and MERS transmitted among humans. They modified a strain of coronavirus from Chinese horseshoe bats using gain of function technology and injected it into mice spinal cords. This study not only highlights the dangers of coronaviruses in bats but also demonstrates efforts to amplify the virus's contagion ability to better understand and prepare for future outbreaks.

I believe that it is possible that scientific research sponsored in part by the NIH but also lots of other entities including the Chinese government may have been the cause of the pandemic. There's a lot of people who just have fights over this. But I will say is that the kinds of biological exercises people did in order to try to prevent a pandemic, go find viruses in weird bat caves, bring them into city centers, and then augment their capacity to infect humans, The reason why they did that was I think they were arguing that we needed to do that in order to prepare just in case a pandemic happens. But think no matter what you believe about whether the cause of the pandemic was this kind of research, I think everyone can agree that that kind of research is potentially very dangerous.

Evolutionary virologists analyzed viral sequences from the current outbreak and in bats. They determined that the mutations required for the virus to jump from an animal to a human are entirely consistent with its evolutionary path. A paper detailing this research will be made available, although the authors are not currently named.

Researchers have discovered various coronaviruses in bats, including ones similar to SARS. They focused on the spike protein, which attaches to cells, and conducted experiments in China. By inserting spike proteins from these viruses into pseudoparticles, they tested their ability to bind to human cells. This process allowed them to understand the potential pathogenicity of the virus in humans.

Scientists can learn how to teach the flu virus how to infect human tissue, and some are already doing this. The scientific community isn't trying to cause a pandemic, but they are arrogant about their ability to contain a respiratory pathogen. COVID evolved from scientific experiments in a laboratory that was trying to do good things, like make a vaccine vector, but it escaped, and over 20,000,000 people died. Nature will continue to try to change, but the species barrier for amino acids is pretty high. Some scientists believe gain of function research is needed to protect humanity against emerging pathogens, but they don't consider the fact that they may be emerging them like with COVID.

There are ongoing research programs worldwide, including in China, to develop vaccines for coronaviruses. These programs aim to modify existing vaccines or create new ones to combat viruses that have previously jumped from animals to humans. The focus is on understanding how these viruses can be altered or adapted to effectively protect against them.

In the lab, it's easy to manipulate spike proteins, which play a significant role in the zoonotic risk of coronaviruses. By obtaining the sequence and constructing the protein, we collaborated with Ralph Barrick at UNC to insert it into another virus. This allows us to conduct experiments and enhance our ability to predict outcomes based on specific sequences.

We focus on viral families that have transmitted from animals to humans. When we find a virus that resembles a known dangerous pathogen, like SARS, we examine its spike protein, which attaches to cells. Chinese researchers create pseudo particles with these spike proteins to test if they bind to human cells. This process helps us identify viruses that could potentially be harmful to humans. By narrowing down the field and reducing costs, we end up with a small number of viruses that appear to be dangerous. We then investigate if people living in the same region as the animals carrying these viruses have developed antibodies.