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In this episode of Mind Pump, hosts Sal Di Stefano, Adam Schafer, and Justin Andrews welcome Ben Greenfield, who discusses various health and wellness topics, including longevity, nutrition, and the impact of supplements. The conversation highlights Ben's unique approach to health, which includes a mix of science and personal experience. Ben shares his thoughts on the importance of maintaining a balanced diet rich in natural foods, emphasizing the benefits of full-spectrum hemp extracts and mushrooms like lion's mane for brain health. He humorously recalls his early interactions with the Mind Pump team, where he often mentioned his sponsors during discussions, leading to playful banter about their marketing strategies. The discussion shifts to the science of longevity, where Ben explains the role of NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and its precursors, such as nicotinamide riboside, in promoting mitochondrial health and potentially extending lifespan. He also touches on the significance of fasting and calorie restriction mimetics, which can trigger beneficial metabolic pathways. Ben elaborates on the concept of hormesis, where mild stressors like fasting or exposure to cold can enhance health. He discusses the benefits of colostrum for gut health and muscle recovery, particularly before athletic events. The conversation also explores the potential risks associated with synthetic supplements and the importance of natural sources for nutrients. The hosts delve into the topic of gut health, discussing the old friends hypothesis, which suggests that exposure to diverse microbes can improve immune function. Ben shares his experience with fecal transplants and the potential benefits of helminthic therapy, where certain parasites may positively influence gut health. Throughout the episode, Ben emphasizes the need for a holistic approach to health, integrating physical, mental, and spiritual well-being. He advocates for the use of natural remedies and the importance of understanding individual responses to various dietary and lifestyle changes. The episode concludes with a lighthearted discussion about the upcoming debates in the health and fitness community, particularly regarding ketogenic diets and the role of dietary cholesterol. Ben expresses his views on the importance of scientific inquiry and the need for open dialogue in the pursuit of health knowledge.

In this episode of the Peter Attia Drive, host Peter Attia interviews Professor David Sinclair, a prominent researcher in the field of aging and genetics at Harvard Medical School. Sinclair discusses his early interest in aging, which began when he was four years old, and his journey through academia, including his PhD in molecular genetics and his postdoctoral work at MIT under Lenny Guarente. Sinclair is known for his research on sirtuins, a class of proteins that play a crucial role in cellular regulation and aging. The conversation delves into the significance of sirtuins and their relationship with NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), a vital molecule for cellular metabolism. Sinclair explains that sirtuins are involved in DNA repair and gene silencing, and their activity is dependent on NAD levels. He discusses the discovery of resveratrol, a compound that activates sirtuins and gained popularity due to its association with the health benefits of red wine. However, Sinclair clarifies that the claims surrounding resveratrol's effects on longevity are more complex than often portrayed. Attia and Sinclair explore the potential of NAD precursors like NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) and NR (nicotinamide riboside) in promoting health and longevity. Sinclair shares insights from ongoing research, including the challenges of delivering these compounds effectively and the need for clinical trials to assess their efficacy in humans. He emphasizes the importance of understanding the mechanisms behind aging and the potential for interventions that could extend healthspan. The discussion also touches on Sinclair's personal use of supplements like resveratrol and metformin, reflecting his commitment to experimenting with longevity-enhancing compounds. Sinclair expresses optimism about the future of aging research, highlighting advancements in technology and the growing interest in the field. Sinclair concludes by discussing the broader implications of aging research, including the potential societal impacts of extending human lifespan and the ethical considerations involved. He encourages listeners to remain informed and engaged with the evolving science of aging, emphasizing that while the journey is complex, the pursuit of understanding and improving healthspan is a worthy endeavor.

Longevity science is gaining attention, with humans recognized as the best agers among primates. Factors contributing to this include superior DNA repair mechanisms and a unique reproductive strategy that involves significant parental investment. The grandmother hypothesis suggests that older women enhance their grandchildren's reproductive success, influencing human genetics. Healthy aging is characterized by maintaining function and vitality into older age, with lifestyle choices playing a crucial role. Nicotinamide riboside (NR), a precursor to NAD, shows promise in promoting better aging and reducing inflammation, although it may not extend lifespan. Caloric and protein restrictions have complex implications; while calorie restriction aids weight loss, it may not be suitable for everyone, especially the elderly, who need to maintain muscle mass. Exercise, sleep, and social engagement are vital for cognitive longevity. Overall, the focus should be on sustainable practices, avoiding obesity, and challenging oneself physically and mentally for optimal aging.

The episode centers on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, or NAD, a cellular coenzyme that drives energy production and the body’s ability to repair damage. The guest explains how NAD sits at every step of converting nutrients and oxygen into ATP, and how boosting NAD—primarily through the precursors NR—can enhance mitochondrial biogenesis and energy yield without extra calories. They discuss how NAD responds to stressors like poor sleep and overexertion, and how higher NAD levels may support cellular resilience, energy, and healthspan, with potential implications for aging. The conversation emphasizes that NAD dynamics vary across cells and tissues, making it an imperfect stand-alone marker of biological age, yet a meaningful contributor to cellular vitality and repair mechanisms such as PARP enzymes and apoptosis. The dialogue delves into how age-related NAD decline appears in rare genetic disorders and how restoring NAD could help cells cope with metabolic stress, potentially delaying the functional consequences of aging rather than simply extending lifespan. The guests highlight extensive animal research linking NAD to multiple aging-related conditions and reference early human studies, including Parkinson’s and neuroinflammation, noting safety and dose considerations while stressing the need for careful interpretation of results. Finally, they address the practical realities of supplementation, warning against NAD infusions and endorsing NR-based approaches paired with thoughtful self-tracking to gauge meaningful improvements in recovery, sleep, and energy over several months. A broader arc of the episode is a critical look at how new nutritional science is translated into consumer products and public understanding. The guest describes a landscape where hype and misinformation can outpace rigorous evidence, especially in a market flooded with so-called NAD boosters and IV therapies. They discuss the challenges of measuring NAD levels in tissues, the difference between blood NAD and tissue NAD, and the importance of preferring well-characterized precursors that can actually enter cells. The conversation also touches on the commercial and regulatory dynamics of the supplement industry, the emergence of professional standards like independent certifications, and the idea of industry alliances to promote transparency. The host and guest reflect on the ethics of biohacking, the line between science and sensationalism, and the responsibility to educate listeners who are navigating a complex wellness space while aspiring to healthier, longer lives.

In this episode of the Huberman Lab podcast, Andrew Huberman speaks with Dr. Peter Attia about the NAD pathway and its implications for healthspan and lifespan. Dr. Attia, a respected voice in longevity research, discusses various molecules related to NAD, including NR (Nicotinamide Riboside) and NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide), and their potential effects on cellular health and aging. The conversation begins with an overview of four categories of approaches to longevity: essential behavioral practices (like exercise and nutrition), the role of caloric intake and insulin regulation (mTOR pathway), targeting specific cellular pathways (like NAD), and more esoteric methods. They emphasize the importance of foundational behaviors such as movement, sleep, and diet over supplements. Dr. Attia explains that NAD is crucial for energy production and is involved in over 600 cellular pathways. As people age, NAD levels decline, which may affect DNA repair and mitochondrial function. They discuss the potential benefits of NAD supplementation, but both express skepticism about its efficacy for extending lifespan. They highlight that while NAD levels can be increased through supplements, there is no strong evidence that this translates to significant health or longevity benefits. The discussion also touches on the Interventions Testing Program (ITP), which has tested numerous compounds for lifespan extension, with few showing positive results. Notably, rapamycin has demonstrated consistent life-extending effects in various studies, unlike NAD precursors. Dr. Attia shares his personal supplement regimen, which includes rapamycin, fish oil, vitamin D, and others, while emphasizing that lifestyle choices are more impactful than supplements. He notes that while he occasionally takes NAD precursors, he does not believe they significantly contribute to longevity. The episode concludes with a reminder that while supplements can play a role in health, they should not replace essential lifestyle practices. Both hosts agree that exercise, nutrition, and emotional well-being are the primary drivers of healthspan and lifespan, and they encourage listeners to focus on these foundational elements rather than solely on supplementation.

Andrew Huberman and Dr. David Sinclair discuss aging, defining it as a disease rather than an inevitable process, arguing that it's the primary cause of most chronic illnesses. Sinclair posits that aging is fundamentally a loss of information within cells, akin to "scratches on a CD," primarily affecting the epigenome—the system controlling gene expression. These "scratches" are caused by factors like DNA damage (e.g., X-rays, sun exposure) and cellular stress, leading to cells losing their identity and function. Interestingly, periods of rapid development, like early life, show accelerated biological aging according to epigenetic clocks. Sinclair emphasizes that while genetics play a role, 80% of longevity is influenced by epigenetic information, which can be positively modified by lifestyle. A key actionable protocol is intermittent fasting, which activates longevity genes called sirtuins by keeping insulin and insulin-like growth factor levels low. This contrasts with constant feeding, which keeps these protective genes inactive. Skipping a meal daily is recommended, with longer fasts (2-3 days) triggering deeper cellular cleansing processes like chaperone-mediated autophagy, which has shown significant lifespan extension in mice. The conversation also covers supplementation, with Sinclair discussing his personal use of NMN to boost NAD levels, which are crucial for sirtuin activity. He highlights the importance of personalized medicine and tracking biomarkers like HbA1c (average glucose) and C-reactive protein (CRP) for inflammation, a strong predictor of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Exercise, particularly for maintaining muscle mass and hormone levels, is also crucial. Sinclair shares groundbreaking research on rejuvenating the female reproductive system in old mice using NMN, challenging conventional biological understanding and suggesting the body's remarkable capacity for repair and rejuvenation.

In this episode of The Peter Attia Drive, Peter Attia speaks with Dr. Rhonda Patrick, a well-known expert in health and longevity. The conversation covers a wide range of topics, including the roles of IGF-1 and growth hormone in healthspan, the effects of caloric restriction, and the nuances of ketogenic diets. Rhonda discusses her evolving beliefs about caloric restriction, previously thought to be the best way to increase healthspan. She now believes that periods of growth, indicated by elevated IGF-1, are crucial for health, suggesting that prolonged fasting might be more beneficial than constant caloric restriction. She references a recent study on lemurs that showed caloric restriction increased lifespan but resulted in brain atrophy, highlighting the complexity of dietary interventions. The discussion shifts to ketogenic diets, where Rhonda expresses a newfound appreciation based on recent animal studies showing potential benefits for healthspan and cognitive function. However, she notes that the ketogenic diet can be obesogenic if not properly managed, emphasizing the importance of calorie control and timing in dietary practices. Rhonda and Peter explore the importance of flexibility in scientific beliefs, discussing how their views have changed over time as new evidence emerges. They delve into the genetic factors influencing individual responses to diets, particularly the PPAR enzymes and their roles in fat metabolism and insulin sensitivity. The conversation also touches on the significance of exercise for longevity and brain health. Rhonda emphasizes that exercise is crucial for maintaining cognitive function and muscle mass, and they discuss the potential benefits of combining heat exposure from saunas with cold exposure for recovery and overall health. They examine the role of NAD and its precursors in aging and healthspan, discussing the potential benefits of NAD supplementation and the mechanisms through which it may enhance mitochondrial function and DNA repair. Rhonda expresses skepticism about the efficacy of NAD supplements, noting the need for more research to understand their bioavailability and effects in humans. The episode concludes with a discussion on the potential of fasting and cycling dietary interventions to rejuvenate stem cells and improve healthspan. Rhonda shares her interest in exploring how periodic fasting might enhance stem cell production and overall health. Listeners are encouraged to explore Rhonda's work through her podcast, FoundMyFitness, where she provides in-depth discussions on health and nutrition, along with educational resources. The episode highlights the importance of ongoing research and personal experimentation in the pursuit of optimal health and longevity.

Researchers, led by Dr. Sinclair at Harvard, are exploring health regeneration and the aging process. They discovered that aging is linked to the epigenome, which controls DNA expression. Experiments on mice showed that altering epigenetic information can reverse aging effects, with treated mice running significantly longer. The focus is on boosting NAD levels, which decline with age, using compounds like NMN. Additionally, the Yamanaka factors may enable regeneration of damaged cells. While still in research, these findings could improve health and quality of life in aging populations.

Peter Attia welcomes Matt Kaeberlein back to The Drive podcast, where they discuss aging, the mTOR pathway, and interventions like rapamycin. They explore the definitions of aging, with Kaeberlein emphasizing the importance of both molecular and functional perspectives. He notes that aging can be defined by cellular damage, such as mitochondrial dysfunction and telomere shortening, but also by functional declines like frailty. The conversation shifts to the relationship between aging and disease. Kaeberlein argues that functional declines often precede clinical diagnoses of diseases like cardiovascular disease and dementia. He believes that while biological aging contributes to disease risk, it is not the sole cause, and interventions targeting biological aging may not be effective once a disease has progressed significantly. They discuss rapamycin, a drug that inhibits the mTOR pathway, which has shown promise in extending lifespan in animal models. Kaeberlein highlights that while rapamycin can prevent certain diseases, its effectiveness may diminish once a disease has developed due to changes in cellular mechanisms. They also touch on the challenges of studying aging in humans and the regulatory hurdles that complicate clinical trials for aging interventions. Kaeberlein shares insights from his work on aging in dogs, particularly through the Dog Aging Project, which aims to understand aging and test interventions like rapamycin in companion dogs. He explains that dogs provide a unique model for studying aging due to their genetic diversity and shared environment with humans. The ongoing TRIAD study aims to assess the effects of rapamycin on lifespan and healthspan in dogs. The discussion then transitions to NAD precursors like nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), which are thought to boost sirtuin activity and potentially improve health outcomes. Kaeberlein expresses skepticism about the robustness of the data supporting these compounds, noting that while they may have some benefits, they do not compare to the effects of rapamycin. Finally, they discuss the complexities of measuring biological aging and the need for reliable biomarkers. Kaeberlein emphasizes the importance of understanding the mechanisms of aging to develop effective interventions. The conversation concludes with Attia expressing gratitude for Kaeberlein's insights and wishing him success with the TRIAD study.

David Sinclair emphasizes the importance of maintaining NAD levels for longevity, suggesting that caloric restriction and exercise are key to activating the body's survival circuits. He argues that aging should be viewed as a disease that can be treated, rather than an inevitable process. Sinclair's interest in aging began in childhood, influenced by his grandmother's perspective on life and mortality. He believes that understanding and potentially reversing aging could lead to healthier, longer lives. Sinclair discusses the role of sirtuins, enzymes that require NAD to function, in repairing DNA and regulating gene expression. He highlights the significance of epigenetics, suggesting that aging is more about the loss of epigenetic information than genetic mutations. Sinclair's research indicates that lifestyle factors, such as diet and exercise, can enhance NAD levels and activate sirtuins, promoting cellular repair and longevity. He introduces NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) as a supplement that can boost NAD levels, potentially reversing aspects of aging. Sinclair is conducting clinical trials to test the efficacy of NMN in humans, aiming for FDA approval. He believes that if successful, these treatments could significantly extend healthspan and lifespan. Sinclair also addresses the societal implications of increased longevity, including the potential for overpopulation and the need for a shift in how we view aging and the elderly. He advocates for a future where older individuals remain productive and engaged in society, leveraging their wisdom and experience. He concludes by emphasizing the importance of purpose and community in longevity, suggesting that maintaining a sense of mission in life is crucial for overall well-being. Sinclair encourages listeners to adopt healthy habits, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and mindfulness practices, to enhance their longevity and quality of life.

In this episode of The Drive, host Peter Attia welcomes back Professor David Sinclair, a prominent researcher in the field of aging and longevity. Sinclair is known for his work on sirtuins and the role of NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) in aging. The discussion centers around Sinclair's new book, which explores the information theory of aging, the biological mechanisms behind aging, and potential interventions to extend lifespan. Attia explains his decision to rely on listener support for the podcast instead of advertisements, emphasizing the importance of trust and the desire to provide unbiased information. Sinclair shares insights into his research, particularly the significance of sirtuins, which are proteins that regulate cellular health and longevity. He discusses the discovery of sirtuins in yeast and their connection to dietary restriction and aging. The conversation delves into the concept of the information theory of aging, which posits that aging is a loss of information in the body's cells. Sinclair explains how this theory relates to the maintenance of cellular identity and the role of epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, in aging. He likens the aging process to a loss of cellular identity, where cells revert to a more primitive state. Sinclair introduces the idea of reprogramming cells to restore youthful characteristics, drawing parallels to stem cell technology. He discusses ongoing research that suggests it may be possible to reset the aging clock in cells, potentially leading to significant health improvements. The conversation also touches on the implications of extending human lifespan, including ethical considerations and societal impacts. The discussion shifts to NAD and its precursors, such as nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). Sinclair explains how these compounds can boost NAD levels in the body, which is crucial for sirtuin activity and overall cellular function. He highlights the differences between oral and intravenous administration of NAD and the challenges associated with absorption and bioavailability. Attia and Sinclair explore the potential benefits of NAD supplementation, particularly for individuals with metabolic disorders or age-related decline. Sinclair emphasizes the importance of ongoing research to determine the efficacy of NAD boosters in humans and the need for well-designed clinical trials. The episode concludes with Sinclair discussing his artistic endeavors, including the illustrations in his book, and Attia expressing his appreciation for Sinclair's insights and contributions to the field of longevity research. Sinclair's book aims to provide a fresh perspective on aging and the potential for extending healthy lifespan through scientific advancements.