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Your brain actively creates perceptions, anticipating the near future, rather than passively receiving them from the world.

Mark Changizi discusses perceptual illusions, explaining that the brain anticipates visual input to correct for a tenth-of-a-second delay. His upcoming book, "Expressly Human," explores emotional expressions and their societal impact.

Visual perception creates mental representations of faces, leading to generic averages when masked, obscuring individual identities and emotional expressions.

Tim Ferriss welcomes Richard Wiseman, a prominent psychologist known for his work on the psychology of magic, luck, and self-help. Wiseman has published over 100 peer-reviewed articles and authored several bestselling books, including *The Luck Factor* and *59 Seconds*. He also served as the director of the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. The conversation begins with Wiseman explaining the Edinburgh Fringe, the world's largest arts festival, and sharing anecdotes about his experiences there. Ferriss recounts how he became familiar with Wiseman's work through various sources, including a Slate Star Codex article and the documentary *An Honest Liar* about magician James Randi. Wiseman discusses his early interest in parapsychology, stemming from his background as a magician. He shares details about his study on the "remote detection of staring," which explored whether people could sense when someone was looking at them. The study revealed that the experimenter's beliefs influenced the results, highlighting the importance of replication in psychological research. The discussion shifts to the psychology of magic, with Wiseman emphasizing that magicians possess a deep understanding of human perception and attention. He mentions the Magic Circle, a prestigious society for magicians, and reflects on the community aspect of magic. Wiseman also touches on mass participation studies, sharing his experience with a BBC project that involved detecting lies from politicians. He explains how focusing on verbal cues improved accuracy in lie detection. He recounts another study, the "Laugh Lab," which aimed to find the world's funniest joke, resulting in a massive public engagement. The conversation delves into topics like neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) and the malleability of memory. Wiseman critiques NLP, noting that many claims lack scientific support. He emphasizes the importance of evidence in psychology and the need for rigorous research. Wiseman expresses a desire for more relevant psychological research that addresses real-life issues, particularly in self-help literature. He admires Dale Carnegie's work, highlighting its practical wisdom. The discussion concludes with Wiseman reflecting on the fascination with the impossible, whether in magic, psychology, or human achievement. He encourages curiosity and critical thinking, advocating for a deeper understanding of the mind and its capabilities.

Mark Changizi discusses how vision scientists often focus on specific experiments without recognizing broader patterns in perception. He explains that our brains constantly predict future events based on past experiences, which can lead to illusions. For example, when a ball disappears into a hole, our visual system may still perceive it on the other side due to these anticipatory mechanisms.

Mark Changizi discusses perception, focusing on auditory and visual completion, or amodal completion. He explains that we perceive wholes despite occlusions, such as not seeing the back of someone's head or missing parts of spoken words. This phenomenon occurs in both visual and auditory contexts, where our perception remains intact despite missing information. Changizi also mentions his book, "Vision Revolution," which explores the design of our visual system and related topics.

Neurobiologist Mark Changizi explains why people can miss bizarre events, like a clown on a unicycle, while focused on their phones. Context affects perception, highlighting how our brains filter distractions in daily life.

Scientists have proven that humans can see into the future for about a tenth of a second, aiding perception and movement.

Five years ago, a grocery shopping trip led to an experiment where a husband, blindfolded, tasted the same coffee twice but reported differing experiences due to his biases. This highlights the challenge in food science: understanding how biases affect taste perceptions. Using EEG, researchers can measure brain responses to food before conscious evaluation, revealing subconscious taste differences. This method could help create tastier, healthier foods and potentially identify new tastes, like fat, enhancing our understanding of food perception.

Mark Changizi discusses the concept of illusions, arguing that many perceived illusions are not true illusions but rather interpretations of stimuli. He explains that while our perceptions may differ from reality, they are often consistent with the stimuli received. True illusions, however, involve perceptions inconsistent with the stimuli.

In this episode of the Huberman Lab podcast, Andrew Huberman and Dr. Peter Attia conduct their first Journal Club, discussing two significant research papers. Dr. Attia focuses on a paper regarding Metformin, a drug commonly used for type 2 diabetes, and its potential longevity benefits. He explains that Metformin works by inhibiting mitochondrial complex one, which reduces hepatic glucose output, a key issue in type 2 diabetes. The discussion highlights a 2014 study by Bannister that suggested Metformin could provide a survival advantage for diabetics, showing a 15% reduction in all-cause mortality. However, Dr. Attia critiques this study for its methodological limitations, particularly its use of informative censoring, which excluded patients who deviated from the study criteria. Dr. Attia then introduces a new paper by Keys et al., which reassesses the findings of the Bannister study using a larger cohort from a Danish health registry. This study compares diabetics on Metformin with matched controls and discordant twins. The results indicate that diabetics on Metformin had a higher mortality rate compared to non-diabetics, with hazard ratios suggesting a 48% increased risk of death. The findings challenge the notion that Metformin provides significant protective benefits against mortality in type 2 diabetics. Huberman then presents a paper on the placebo effect, emphasizing that beliefs about treatment can influence physiological responses. The study demonstrates that the placebo effect can follow a dose-response relationship, meaning that the perceived strength of a treatment can enhance its effectiveness. This was illustrated through an experiment where participants vaped nicotine and reported their experiences based on the dosage they believed they received. The brain's response, measured through fMRI, showed that those who believed they received a higher dose exhibited greater activation in brain areas associated with attention and reward. The conversation explores the implications of these findings for understanding how beliefs can shape health outcomes, particularly in the context of medications and treatments. Dr. Attia and Huberman emphasize the importance of critically evaluating scientific literature and understanding the nuances of research methodologies. They conclude that while Metformin remains a valuable treatment for type 2 diabetes, its role in longevity is still uncertain, and the belief effects discussed could have broad applications in medicine and health practices.

Consciousness remains elusive, and this episode dives into parapsychology as a study of mind over matter. It presents the claim that the classic model of consciousness as brain-bound is incomplete, and introduces two key figures: Paul Smith, who worked on the CIA’s Stargate program, and Herb Metz, a Princeton parapsychologist. Stargate ran from 1972 to 1995 and used remote viewers to describe Russian bases and lost American hostages. Examples include Smith describing a submarine eight months before it appeared publicly, and a plane in Zaire within a three mile area. Next, Metz and the PEAR lab studied random event generators (REGs), linking observer intention to skewed outputs. The show demonstrates this with graphs of ones and zeros tied to quantum randomness, and with a mind lamp that changes color under deliberate focus. The claim is that subjects can influence results, raising questions about experimenter effects and epistemology. Remote viewing training is outlined: recognizing subtle signals, silencing mental noise, and prioritizing process over outcome. A 1987 Iran-Stark incident reportedly followed a vivid remote-viewed description. Beyond specific cases, the conversation tackles scientific paradigms: skepticism can affect experiments, and a broader shift may be needed to accommodate phenomena beyond the brain. Stargate was declassified in 2017, and proponents argue the implications for science and daily life justify more investigation, even as repeatability remains a challenge. References include Metz’s The Selection Effect and Smith’s The Essential Guide to Remote Viewing, with resources linked for further exploration. The host closes by noting the modest global funding for parapsychology relative to other fields.

Wearing face masks limits lower visual field perception, reducing optic flow cues, which may lead individuals to move faster and more dangerously without realizing it.