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In 1951, with FDR’s polio story in the background, Jonas Salk develops a polio vaccine and distributes it to four pharmaceutical companies, notably Cutter Pharmaceuticals. Cutter is highlighted as central to the tale, though the lesson is not taught to doctors. The vaccine’s growth is difficult, so Salk proposes using a primate culture near humans, specifically African green monkey kidney cells, to produce the vaccine.
The first test subject for Salk’s vaccine is Dr. Ochsner of the Ochsner Medical Foundation in New Orleans, a renowned surgeon and former head of Tulane’s medical school. Ochsner, who had a storied career and a controversial reputation in New Orleans medical circles, brings the vaccine into the surgical amphitheater in 1951, where he injects his grandson and granddaughter. The grandson dies within seven days of polio; the granddaughter develops polio in her leg but does not die. The narrator notes that younger doctors in New Orleans are not taught this story, as Ochsner had died earlier but his son lived, and the narrator later trained at Ochsner Medical Foundation.
The narrator recounts being in New Orleans during JFK’s era, with Oliver Stone filming in the basement of Charity Hospital, and the narrator meeting Virginia Garrison (daughter of Jim Garrison, the DA who prosecuted Clay Shaw in the JFK case). Virginia warns the narrator about Alton Ochsner, suggesting he was a nefarious figure, contrasting public perception with the stories she knew from her father’s dealings.
Ochsner allegedly advocates slowing the vaccine development and recommends transferring the science to a doctor at the NIH, Bernice Eddy. Eddy investigates from 1951 to 1953/1954 and discovers that all of Salk’s original polio vaccines were tainted with SV40 (Simian Virus 40), no one knowing this because DNA had not yet been discovered. Eddy tells the NIH and FDA about the contamination, but the industrial–military complex reportedly pushes forward, distributing the vaccine to about 300 million people and contributing to a cancer epidemic. Eddy reportedly faced cancellation for revealing these findings, including a 1955 New York Academy of Sciences talk where she disclosed SV40 contamination.
As a result, Eddy’s lab is defunded and she is marginalized, and historians note there is little trace of the Cutter incident on FDA/NIH sites from 1951–1957. The narrator later digs through medical school archives and talks with Ochsner’s son, a cardiothoracic surgeon, to learn more. In a later exchange with JO (Ochsner’s son), the narrator learns more about the family’s involvement, ultimately culminating in a question about why a nuclear device exists in the basement of a community hospital.