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The Department of Treasury is issuing record levels of debt, with $7 trillion issued in just 3 months and $23 trillion in a year. This has bloated the treasury market, raising concerns about a potential crash. The economy is propped up by debt, with federal debt rising by $1 trillion every 90 days. US treasuries are seen as cash but are actually promises to pay back in the future. The illusion that all debt will be repaid is crucial, as any doubts could lead to a financial system collapse. Fiscal trends are worsening, with a $2 trillion deficit that will increase during a recession. Collapse seems inevitable without intervention. Visit profsaintonj.com for more details.

The US dollar is the bedrock of the world's financial system, and a rapidly rising dollar can destabilize financial markets. Despite the US printing many dollars, global demand is so high that the supply isn't enough, preventing rising US inflation. The risk comes when other economies slow down relative to the US. With less economic activity, fewer dollars circulate globally, increasing the price as countries chase them to pay for goods and service debts. This creates a "dollar milkshake" effect, forcing countries to devalue their currencies as the dollar rises. The US becomes a safe haven, sucking in capital and further increasing the dollar's value, potentially leading to a sovereign bond and currency crisis. Central banks may try to intervene, but the momentum can become unstoppable. The world is stuck with the dollar underpinning the global financial system, so everyone needs to pay attention to the dollar milkshake theory.

Peter Schiff argues that the economic crisis ahead will be much bigger than 2008 and will center on a dollar and sovereign debt crisis. He says gold’s rise to and beyond $5,000 (and his longer-term view that it will go much higher) signals that the problems that previously led him to forecast $5,000 gold are now much larger. The core issue, he says, is not just a mortgage crisis but a loss of confidence in the United States’ ability to repay its debt and manage deficits and inflation. He contends that the problems were delayed for over a decade by policy “kicking the can down the road,” but have grown more severe, making the coming crisis broader and more damaging. On the dollar and U.S. debt, Schiff contends that the world is moving away from the U.S. dollar as a reserve currency. He notes foreign central banks are buyers of dollars, but argues the United States has alienated many nations and created incentives for diversification away from the dollar. He predicts gold will become the primary reserve asset for foreign central banks to replace U.S. treasuries. He emphasizes that the U.S. economy relies on the world supplying goods and saving money, and without that external support, the U.S. economy would not function as it currently does. Regarding housing and wealth creation, Schiff dismisses the idea that housing-price gains create true wealth if buyers cannot afford to purchase at inflated prices. He accuses former President Trump of aiming to sustain or enlarge a housing bubble through inflation, noting that the only way to keep home prices from falling would be higher inflation. He distinguishes between genuine wealth and artificial price levels created by monetary policy. Inflation is presented as a consequence of expanding money supply and credit. Schiff points to the dollar’s four-year low and a record low against the Swiss franc as signs that the dollar will depreciate further, leading to higher consumer prices in the U.S. He expects a protracted downturn accompanied by high inflation and higher interest rates, with the dollar at the epicenter of the crisis. On timing, Schiff believes the crisis will unfold differently from 2008 because the U.S. government cannot bail itself out in the same way. He foresees a dollar crisis that benefits other nations through a realignment of purchasing power: as the dollar weakens, prices rise in the U.S. while goods become relatively cheaper elsewhere. He foresees increased demand for gold and possibly other currencies as the dollar declines, with central banks more inclined to hold gold. Regarding policy distortions, Schiff argues that current fiscal and monetary policies distort markets beyond Keynesian ideals, with deficits seen as perpetual. He critiques GDP as an imperfect measure, noting that it includes expenditures many would rather avoid, such as disaster-related spending, health care costs, and crime prevention expenses, and excludes beneficial aspects like leisure time. On the political economy, he suggests that the U.S. debt problem will worsen as long as there is no political will to cut spending, predicting creditors will increasingly stop funding the U.S. debt. He cites Japan as a potential large seller of Treasuries, which would push interest rates higher. He says that if the dollar falls, Americans will lose purchasing power while the rest of the world gains access to cheaper goods, and global investment will shift away from the U.S. In summary, Schiff foresees a coming, substantial dollar and sovereign-debt crisis, with gold and other real assets serving as refuges as the U.S. economy confronts devaluation, rising prices, and a reconfiguration of global reserve currencies.

The Japanese yen recently crashed past 150 to the dollar, a level the Bank of Japan was expected to defend, raising concerns of a potential global financial crisis. Japan's "zombie economy," supported by high public spending and zero interest rates, allows investors to earn significantly more in the US or Europe. This is causing capital flight from Japan, weakening the yen. The weaker yen has increased import prices, especially for energy and food, impacting Japanese consumers whose incomes have remained stagnant for 25 years. The Bank of Japan can't raise interest rates to strengthen the yen due to Japan's massive public debt, which is 267% of its GDP. Raising rates to US levels would make debt service unsustainable. Rising inflation may force the government and Bank of Japan to inject more money, potentially creating a cycle of further currency devaluation and rate increases. Japan's debt level could trigger a global debt crisis, dwarfing the crisis of 2008.

Japan is in stagflation, facing a weak economy, crashing yen, and rising prices. Unions secured significant pay hikes after years of stagnant wages, signaling inflation. Japan's massive debt raises concerns of a global financial crisis. Government spending may worsen stagflation. The situation mirrors the 1970s and 2008 crises, leading to potential economic turmoil. Governments worldwide are increasing spending, risking a return to the economic challenges of the past.

On August 5, Japan's Nikkei 225 stock index plunged 12.4%, the worst day since Black Monday in 1987, amid investor concerns about the U.S. economy. The market closed down 4,451 points at 31,458, the largest points drop in history, erasing all gains for the year. At one point, it sank 13.4%. The market is worried about a potential U.S. recession risk, with Japan being the most affected market in Asia. Mitsubishi, Mitsui, and Sumitomo all plunged close to 14%, with Mitsui losing almost 20% of its market cap. The broader Topix index fell 12.8%. The Nikkei 225 dropped 5.8% earlier in August, marking its worst two-day decline ever. U.S. stocks fell sharply after a weaker-than-expected jobs report for July. The Nasdaq entered correction territory, down over 10% from its record high. The S&P 500 and Dow were 5.7% and 3.9% below their all-time highs, respectively. Concerns about the U.S. economy and the Bank of Japan's rate hike are driving risk-averse sentiment.

Despite hotter-than-expected inflation in Japan, the yen continues to weaken due to Governor Ueda's dovish comments. Inflation is generally in line with expectations, with some technical adjustments for energy subsidies. The Bank of Japan is torn amid domestic and external uncertainties. Externally, there are concerns about a potential Trump 2.0 administration and Scott Bessent replacing Yellen as Treasury Secretary, which could lead to yen volatility. Domestically, the new Ishiba administration faces challenges, similar to Trump's early struggles in 2016, limiting the BOJ's ability to hike rates. While yen weakness at $1.60 is a concern for Ishiba, the BOJ is standing pat. However, the BOJ is often behind the market, and if the dollar-yen trend continues to $1.60, the Minister of Finance might intervene, potentially forcing a rate hike in January.

The global financial system relies on the US dollar, and a rapidly rising dollar can destabilize markets. Despite the US printing dollars, global demand remains high for trade, debt servicing, and reserves. Countries need dollars to buy commodities like copper, oil, and soybeans, creating constant demand. The US benefits from this system, controlling access and settlement. A slowdown in other economies coupled with US growth can create a dollar shortage, raising its price and hurting countries needing dollars to pay for goods and debts. This leads to a "dollar milkshake" effect, forcing countries to devalue their currencies and causing capital to flow into the US as a safe haven. This can trigger sovereign bond and currency crises, with central banks unable to stop the momentum. The lack of alternatives to the dollar means the world is stuck with it, making the "dollar milkshake theory" a critical risk to monitor.

Japan, with only 2% of the world's population, could disrupt the entire world. Recent growth data shows Japan's economy has taken a step back. The country's three biggest auto industry names announced disappointing numbers and warned of rough waters ahead. Rice prices in Japan remain stubbornly high, causing consumers to struggle to afford food. The government has had limited success fixing the problem. Japan could increase interest rates in other countries, crash stock portfolios globally, and potentially trigger the next global recession.

Larry Johnson and Glenn discuss the shifting dynamics of the US dollar, the international financial system, and the rise of competing powers. - Johnson recalls the 1965 term exorbitant privilege describing the US dollar’s reserve-currency advantages. In 1971, the US closed the gold window, ending fixed gold value for the dollar; the dollar later became backed by “our promise,” enabling the petrodollar system as oil purchases were conducted in dollars. The dollar’s dominance rested on predictability, a stable legal system, and non-abusive use of the dollar as an economic tool rather than a political weapon. - Trump-era sanctions expanded broadly, impacting friends and adversaries alike, and BRICS nations began moving away from the dollar. Russia’s disconnection from SWIFT after its 2022 actions is noted as a turning point that encouraged the BRICS’ development of alternative financial infrastructure, including China’s cross-border interbank payment system (CIPS). This shift accelerates the decline of the dollar’s dominance. - Nations like Russia and China (and India, Brazil) are unloading US Treasuries and increasing gold and silver holdings. This is tied to concerns about the dollar’s reliability and the reduced faith in paper promises. The BRICS countries reportedly plan a currency tied to gold, with components of their reserves backing individual BRICS currencies, signaling a structural move away from the dollar. - The paper-gold issue is central: for every ounce of real gold, there is a range of 20-to-1 to 100-to-1 in paper gold. This disparity can undermine trust in the paper promise and create a run on physical gold. The price gap between New York (lower) and Shanghai (higher) for gold demonstrates a market dislocation and growing demand for physical metal. - Glenn emphasizes that a unipolar dollar system allows the US to run large deficits via inflation, which acts as a hidden tax on global dollar holders. Weaponizing the dollar through sanctions challenges trust and accelerates decoupling, prompting other nations to seek alternatives to reduce exposure. - Johnson argues that the US is confronting a historic realignment: the Bretton Woods order is dissolving, the dollar’s international dominance is waning, and sanctions and coercive policies are provoking pushback. He highlights Japan as a major remaining dollar treasuries holder that is now offloading, further increasing dollar supply and depressing its value. - The geopolitical implications are significant. Johnson warns that potential US actions against Iran—given their strategic position and the Gulf oil supply—could trigger a severe global disruption, including a price surge in oil. He notes that such actions would complicate global stability and magnify inflationary pressures. - The discussion also covers NATO’s cohesion, Western attempts to shape global alignments, and how rapidly shifting leverage could undermine existing alliances. Johnson suggests that Russia’s strategic gains in the war in Ukraine, combined with Western missteps, may prompt a rapid reevaluation of settlements and borders, while also noting that Russia’s position has hardened. - On Venezuela, Johnson argues that the stated pretexts (drug trafficking, oil control) were questionable and points to economic motives, including revenue opportunities for political allies like Paul Singer, and to Greenland’s strategic interests as possible motivators for US actions. - Looking ahead, Johnson predicts hyperinflation for the United States as the dollar loses value globally, while gold and silver retain value. He asserts that the ruble and yuan may hold value better, and that a mass shift toward de-dollarization is likely to continue, potentially culminating in a new multipolar financial order. - Both speakers agree that trust and predictability are crucial; the current trajectory—threats, sanctions, and unilateral actions—undermines trust and accelerates the move toward alternative currencies and stronger physical-commodity holdings. The overall tone is that a pivotal, watershed moment is unfolding in the global monetary system.

Japan, a major global creditor holding over a trillion dollars in US debt, has long fueled risky financial ventures via the yen carry trade. Despite the yen's strength, this is problematic. In 2024, the carry trade began unwinding, causing a yen spike, a Japanese stock flash crash, and broader market repercussions, including impacts on US stocks and Bitcoin. JPMorgan warned the unwinding was only halfway complete. In 2025, the unwinding continues with Japanese government bonds declining in value, rising long-term interest rates, and unsuccessful bond auctions. This slow unwinding of trillions in global leverage is causing investor concern, signaling the end of an era.

Japan is facing a population decline due to low birth rates and an aging population. Factors include economic struggles, lack of financial incentives for having children, and government policies. Efforts to increase birth rates through cash incentives and childcare have not been successful. The solution may lie in personal choices, as research shows a fatherhood wage premium can offset the costs of raising children. Despite societal challenges, individuals have the power to shape the future.

The Japanese yen has tumbled past 160 per USD without intervention from the Bank of Japan, potentially opening the path to 165. A Japanese official stated there isn't a particular level being watched. If there's a retracement from the dollar-yen's multi-decade highs, buying interest could reappear around the 158 support, aligning with the 23.6% Fibonacci retracement level. Traders are watching US jobless claims data, Tokyo CPI, and US PCE releases.

Peter Schiff and the hosts discuss how surging gold and silver prices relate to potential banking instability and a broader dollar crisis. Key points: - Silver production is about 800,000,000 ounces per year, while bank shorts on silver are claimed at 4,400,000,000 ounces according to some reports. The implication is that if silver continues to rise, the biggest banks in America could face severe coverage challenges for their short positions. The discussion notes that many banks are “barely covering their asses to stay afloat.” - Gold and silver price levels are highlighted: gold at about $4,600 per ounce after a bounce, and silver at about $92 per ounce. Peter Schiff, introduced as a silver and gold expert and economist, has authored The Real Crash, How to Save Yourself and Your Country, and America’s Coming Bankruptcy. The host mentions the book. - Peter Schiff’s perspective on timing and crisis: he says the 2013 book predicted the current situation and that gold and silver have risen significantly—gold up, silver up substantially. He believes the price moves signal a major warning of a financial or economic crisis, comparing it to the subprime warning before the 2008 crisis. He asserts this time the warning concerns the U.S. government sovereign credit and a potential dollar crisis and U.S. Treasury crisis, possibly unfolding next year. - Connection to global debt and the dollar: Schiff explains that much debt is sustainable because the U.S. dollar serves as the global reserve currency, enabling continued spending. He notes foreign central banks buying gold instead of U.S. Treasuries, moving out of dollars into gold, and cites U.S. intervention in oil-rich Venezuela as part of broader moves to keep oil prices down. He argues that the dollar’s reserve status is eroding, and a meaningful decline in the dollar relative to other currencies could soon impact consumer prices and interest rates, leading to higher costs for Americans. - Impact on the average person: Schiff asserts that the reserve currency status has long supported a standard of living that relies on importing goods paid for with dollars created “out of thin air.” As the dollar collapses and the world shifts away from the dollar, the dollars earned and saved by ordinary people will buy less, with price spikes across goods and services. He suggests a future scenario where prices rise dramatically while wages do not keep pace, giving an example of a hamburger potentially rising from $15 to $30 or $50, and services versus goods diverging in price movement. - Preparation and investment stance: Schiff emphasizes that gold and silver have performed well since the turn of the century, outperforming the Dow in real terms. He argues for moving wealth into real money rather than paper assets and notes, in general terms, opportunities in mining stocks as a hedge, including juniors and mid-tier producers. He references the broader strategy of diversifying out of U.S. stocks, bonds, and dollars to protect wealth during what he describes as a coming real crisis; he stresses focusing on real assets rather than relying on the dollar. - Final remarks: Schiff reiterates that the crisis is coming and that some Americans should consider protecting wealth through precious metals and mining opportunities, while the hosts acknowledge the outlook and thank him for the insights.

The Japanese yen is falling against the dollar because US interest rates are over 5%, while Japanese interest rates are close to zero. This interest rate differential is the primary driver of the yen's decline. The US dollar is also getting stronger against many other currencies, though to a lesser extent, due to the higher US interest rates.

On 04/29/2024, the Japanese yen significantly increased against the dollar. Reports indicate Japanese authorities intervened in the market, causing the yen's rise. This intervention is a relief for traders anticipating action to support the yen. The yen's recent decline to levels unseen in over thirty years had pressured Japanese borders and policymakers. The intervention has provided some respite.

Mario and Jeff discuss what the current geopolitical and monetary environment means for gold, the US dollar, and the broader system that underpins global finance. - Gold and asset roles - Gold is a portfolio asset that does not compete with the dollar; it competes with the stock market and tends to rise when people are concerned about risky assets. It is a “safe haven store value” rather than a monetary instrument aimed at replacing the dollar. - Historically, gold did not reliably hedge inflation in 2021–2022 when the economy seemed to be recovering; in downturns, gold becomes more attractive as a store of value. Recent moves up in gold price over the last two months are viewed as pricing in multiple factors, including potential economic downturn and questionable macro conditions. - The dollar and de-dollarization - The eurodollar system is a vast, largely ledger-based network of US-dollar balances held offshore, allowing near-instantaneous movement of funds. It is not simply “the euro,” and it predates and outlived any single country’s policy. Replacing it would be like recreating the Internet from scratch. - De-dollarization discussions are driven more by political narratives than monetary mechanics. Central banks selling dollar assets during shortages is a liquidity management response, not a repudiation of the dollar. - The dollar’s dominance remains intact because there is no ready substitute meeting all its functions. Replacing the dollar would require replacing the entire set of dollar functions across global settlement, payments, and liquidity provisioning. - Bank reserves, reserves composition, and the size of the eurodollar market - The share of US dollars in foreign reserves has declined, but this is not seen as a meaningful signal about the system’s functionality or dominance; the real issue is the level of settlement and liquidity, which remains heavily dollar-based. - The eurodollar market is enormous and largely offshore, with little public reporting. It is described as a “black hole” that drives movements in the system and is extremely hard to measure precisely. - Current dynamics: debt, safety, and liquidity - The debt ceiling and growing US debt are acknowledged as concerns, but the view presented is that debt dynamics do not destabilize the Treasury market as long as demand for safety and liquidity remains high. In a depression-like environment, US Treasuries are still viewed as the safest and most liquid form of debt, which sustains their price and keeps yields relatively contained. - Gold is safe but not highly liquid as collateral; Treasuries provide liquidity. Central banks use gold to diversify reserves and stabilize currencies (e.g., yuan), but Treasuries remain central to collateral needs in a broad financial system. - China, the US, and global growth - China’s economy faces deflationary pressures, with ten consecutive quarters of deflation in the Chinese GDP deflator, raising questions about domestic demand. Attempts to stimulate have had limited success; overproduction and rebalancing efforts aim to reduce supply to match demand, potentially increasing unemployment and lowering investment. - The US faces a weakening labor market; recent job shedding and rising delinquencies in consumer and corporate credit markets heighten uncertainty about the credit system. This underpins gold’s appeal as a store of value. - China remains heavily dependent on the US consumer; despite decoupling rhetoric, demand for Chinese goods and the global supply chain ties keep the US-China relationship central to global dynamics. The prospect of a Chinese-led fourth industrial revolution (AI, quantum computing) is viewed skeptically as unlikely to overcome structural inefficiencies of a centralized planning model. - Gold, Bitcoin, and alternative systems - Bitcoin is described as a Nasdaq-stock-like store of value tied to tech equities; it is not seen as a robust currency or a wide-scale payment system based on liquidity. It could, in theory, be a superior version of gold someday, but today it behaves like other speculative assets. - The conversation weighs the potential for a shift away from the eurodollar toward private digital currencies or a mix of public-private digital currencies. The idea that a completely decentralized system could replace the eurodollar is acknowledged as a long-term possibility, but currently, stablecoins are evolving toward stand-alone viability rather than a wholesale replacement. - The broader arc and forecast - The trade war is seen as a redistribution of productive capacity rather than a definitive win for either side; macroeconomic outcomes in the 2020s are shaped by monetary conditions and the eurodollar system’s functioning more than by policy interventions alone. - The speakers foresee a future with multipolarity and a gradually evolving monetary regime, possibly moving from the eurodollar toward a suite of digital currencies—some private, some public—while gold remains a key store of value in times of systemic risk. - Argentina, Russia, and Europe - Argentina’s crisis is framed as an outcome of eurodollar malfunctioning; IMF interventions offer only temporary stabilization in the face of ongoing liquidity and deflationary pressures. - Russia remains integrated with global finance through channels like the eurodollar system, even after sanctions; the resilience of energy sectors and external support from partners like China helps it endure. - Europe is acknowledged as facing a difficult, depressing outlook, reinforcing the broader narrative of a challenging global macro environment. Overall, gold is framed as a prudent hedge within a complex, interconnected, and evolving eurodollar system, with no imminent replacement of the dollar in sight, while the path toward a multi-currency or digital-currency future remains uncertain and gradual.

The Federal Reserve's actions are worrisome. They've lost trillions by borrowing money at high rates (5.4% from banks, 5.3% from funds like Fidelity and Vanguard) to buy government bonds. This artificially inflates the government's perceived financial health, encouraging excessive borrowing when rates were low. This process diverts capital from the private sector, hindering business growth and job creation. Instead of the Fed holding massive balances, that money should be used by businesses for expansion and innovation. The Fed's actions are mirrored by other major central banks globally, exacerbating the problem. It's not money printing; it's expensive borrowing that harms the economy. Freeing up these funds would allow banks to lend to small businesses and stimulate economic growth.

Donald Trump’s second term is accelerating the US dollar’s downfall and could reshape the global monetary system in a manner reminiscent of Nixon’s 1971 move ending the Bretton Woods era, according to Guangzhou, chief economist at Bank of China’s investment arm. Trump’s aggressive tariffs rolled out in April are rattling global trade and finance to their core, with Guangzhou drawing a chilling parallel to the Nixon shock. The dollar’s grip on global reserves has fallen to a thirty-year low of 56.32% in Q2, down 1.47 percentage points. Nations are ditching US assets in droves, with net purchases plunging 94.4% to a mere $510,000,000, based on US Treasury data. Guangzhou notes that Trump’s war on the Fed’s independence is eroding confidence in US policy, making this meltdown dwarf the chaos of the 1970s. For China, this scenario presents prime timing to influence the currency landscape. Guangzhou urges Beijing to turbocharge the yuan’s global rise by expanding financial clout. The proposed path includes swinging open financial gates, syncing with international norms, unleashing innovative yuan tools, and supercharging Shanghai and Hong Kong as powerhouse hubs. As the dollar fades, the yuan could rise, potentially ushering in a multipolar currency showdown. If you’re craving razor-sharp geopolitical breakdowns like this, subscribe to New Rules Geopolitics to stay on top of global trends.

Marco Rubio traveled to Germany for the Munich Security Conference and delivered what the program calls the most important American speech in the last thirty years, calling on Europe to join Trump's new world order or face the consequences. He told NATO allies that playtime is over and that a new world order is being written by the United States; Europe is asked to join, or face being left behind. Rubio framed NATO as a transaction between countries and said it is only worth defending if you are worth defending, accusing European leaders of managing Europe’s decline and warning that if Europe continues on a liberal, destructive path, the United States will be done with them. He criticized a liberal globalist agenda of a borderless world and mass immigration, and argued for reform of the existing international order rather than dismantling it. Rubio asserted that the old rules of the world are dead and that the West must adapt to a new era of geopolitics. He indicated that these are conversations he has been having with allies and other world leaders behind closed doors, and that these talks are accelerating. The speech conveyed a clear ultimatum: the US wants Europe with us, but is prepared to rebuild the global order alone if necessary. Rubio stated that the US would prefer to act with Europe, but would do so independently if Europe does not align. The discussion then ties these geopolitics to currency and economics. The US dollar’s role as the reserve currency and its strength are central to the old world order. The Trump administration is signaling that the strong dollar religion is over, with the dollar weakened in Trump’s second term to make US exports cheaper. Reuters is cited as reporting that China’s treasury holdings have dropped to their lowest level since 2008 as banks are urged to curb exposure to US treasuries, suggesting China is stepping back from funding America and that the burden may shift to US funding via domestic sources. The narrative contrasts this with China’s push for a stronger yuan and global reserve status, including potential expansion of currency use in trade, while Europe sits in the middle, invited to join the US-led shift or be sidelined. There is mention of a possible April Beijing trip by Trump to meet Xi Jinping. The segment also notes internal GOP dynamics, describing Rubio as a neocon favorite and predicting a contest between Rubio’s hawkish approach and JD Vance, who reportedly does not want broad war expansions. The speaker frames Rubio’s speech as a signal flare indicating a real-time reorganization of the West, with the dollar at the blast radius. The sponsor segment follows, tying the topics to critical minerals and a program named Project Vault, a $12 billion strategic reserve for precious minerals to protect the private sector from supply shocks. At a Critical Minerals Ministerial, JD Vance and Marco Rubio delivered a message to China about preventing market flooding from killing domestic projects. The sponsor promotes North American Niobium, a company exploring for niobium and two rare earths (neodymium and praseodymium), describing niobium as critical for aerospace and defense applications, with no domestic US production and 90% global supply controlled by Brazil. The company’s base includes Quebec, Canada, and it highlights leadership from Joseph Carrabas of Rio Tinto and Cliffs Natural Resources fame, and Carrie Lynn Findlay, a former Canadian cabinet minister. The ticker symbol NIOMF is provided, with notes that shares are tradable on major US brokerages, and a reminder for due diligence.

Over the past 13 years, the Japanese yen has fallen roughly in half versus the US dollar, creating both positive and negative impacts for the Japanese economy, specifically inflation. Decades of deflation made it difficult for the government to reduce its budget deficit, which typically ran around 6% of GDP, causing Japan's debt ratio to spiral to over 200% of GDP. Positive inflation has allowed them to reduce deficits and debt ratios, but at the cost of higher consumer prices. Businesses importing goods also face rising input costs. A Japanese Chamber of Commerce survey indicated that business owners believe the ideal yen level is between 100 and 130 versus the dollar, while it currently trades at 146. A rally could push Japan back towards deflation, derailing the government's fiscal gains achieved with a weaker yen.