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The first two 5-year plans in the Soviet Union were designed by American corporations. The New Economic Policy, initiated by Lenin in 1923, saw Russian industries rebuilt by foreign corporations, including German, British, French, and American companies. By 1928, Russia had regained its industrial output and started implementing grandiose 5-year plans. The Russian Government Planning Commission, GOS Plan, initially designed the 5-year plans, but American corporations were brought in to assist. American industry provided technology, finance, and materials, which ultimately supported Hitler in creating his war machine. It is not widely known, but April Harriman, a member of the Pilgrim Society, acted as a dictator in Russia from 1942 to 1944 during Stalin's nervous breakdown. Harriman served as the U.S. Ambassador to Russia but functioned as a dictator during that period.