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Angelo Keely, co-founder and CEO of Keon, discusses his company's unwavering commitment to quality in the supplement industry, contrasting it with widespread issues of adulteration, misrepresentation, and cost-cutting by competitors. Keely emphasizes Keon's rigorous, expensive third-party testing for raw ingredients and finished products, which often uncovers contaminants like heavy metals, especially in plant-based proteins. He explains that Keon's business philosophy prioritizes dedication, integrity, and making data-backed products that genuinely work, rather than chasing hype or venture capital with unproven science. This approach, though harder and more expensive, aims to build a meaningful, long-term business by educating consumers about product quality differences. The conversation delves into specific Keon products, starting with omega-3s. Keely highlights their superior purity, concentration (over 80% EPA/DHA), and the use of natural preservatives to prevent rancidity. He explains how omega-3s enhance cell membrane flexibility and act as precursors to pro-resolving mediators, significantly reducing chronic inflammation and lowering risks for cardiovascular disease, cancer, and dementia. For athletes, higher doses (3.5-4 grams/day) can improve performance and muscle adaptation. He clarifies that direct EPA and DHA intake from marine sources is essential, as the body's conversion of ALA from plant sources is minimal, making the omega-6 to omega-3 ratio argument largely irrelevant for these benefits. Essential amino acids (EAAs) are presented as another critical supplement, particularly for older adults combating anabolic resistance. Keely details how leucine-enriched EAAs can stimulate muscle protein synthesis far more effectively in aging individuals than standard protein powders, citing studies where 3 grams of specific EAAs matched 20 grams of whey protein in older women. He advocates for EAAs as a daily essential to prevent muscle loss and promote anabolism as people age. Creatine is also discussed for its well-established benefits in muscle building and strength, alongside emerging research on its cognitive advantages, such as improving focus and working memory during sleep deprivation or in older populations (at higher doses). Keely stresses the importance of high-quality creatine, like CreaPure, due to prevalent issues with purity and actual content in many market products, including gummies. Keely also shares insights into Keon's coffee, emphasizing its single-origin, organic, specialty-grade beans, which are machine-dried to prevent mold and contaminants. He recounts how Keon's stringent testing even uncovered pesticide transfer from conventionally used sacks, leading to improved industry practices. The company's commitment to quality extends to maintaining consistent flavor profiles despite varied sourcing. The discussion concludes with a reinforcement of Keely's dedication to offering a select range of scientifically supported, high-quality daily essentials, even if it means operating on slimmer margins and foregoing aggressive marketing tactics common in the broader supplement industry.

Taking essential amino acids before training yields greater benefits than protein alone, significantly enhancing muscle protein synthesis. The peak concentration of essential amino acids in the blood is crucial for this process. Angelo Keely shares his background in natural health and his journey to founding Keon, a protein-centric supplement company. He emphasizes the importance of essential amino acids, which are not only building blocks for proteins but also actively stimulate muscle protein synthesis. Unlike carbohydrates and fats, proteins do not store well in the body, making regular intake essential for maintaining muscle, especially as one ages or undergoes caloric restriction. Research indicates that older adults require more protein due to reduced sensitivity to amino acids. Essential amino acids can be more effective than whole protein sources, especially for those struggling to meet caloric needs. They provide a way to boost muscle protein synthesis without significantly increasing calorie intake. Studies show that essential amino acids can prevent muscle loss during periods of inactivity, such as bed rest or injury. Timing and distribution of protein intake throughout the day can optimize muscle protein synthesis, particularly for older adults or those in caloric deficits. Overall, while whole foods are important, essential amino acids serve as a valuable supplement for enhancing muscle health and recovery.

The episode centers on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, or NAD, a cellular coenzyme that drives energy production and the body’s ability to repair damage. The guest explains how NAD sits at every step of converting nutrients and oxygen into ATP, and how boosting NAD—primarily through the precursors NR—can enhance mitochondrial biogenesis and energy yield without extra calories. They discuss how NAD responds to stressors like poor sleep and overexertion, and how higher NAD levels may support cellular resilience, energy, and healthspan, with potential implications for aging. The conversation emphasizes that NAD dynamics vary across cells and tissues, making it an imperfect stand-alone marker of biological age, yet a meaningful contributor to cellular vitality and repair mechanisms such as PARP enzymes and apoptosis. The dialogue delves into how age-related NAD decline appears in rare genetic disorders and how restoring NAD could help cells cope with metabolic stress, potentially delaying the functional consequences of aging rather than simply extending lifespan. The guests highlight extensive animal research linking NAD to multiple aging-related conditions and reference early human studies, including Parkinson’s and neuroinflammation, noting safety and dose considerations while stressing the need for careful interpretation of results. Finally, they address the practical realities of supplementation, warning against NAD infusions and endorsing NR-based approaches paired with thoughtful self-tracking to gauge meaningful improvements in recovery, sleep, and energy over several months. A broader arc of the episode is a critical look at how new nutritional science is translated into consumer products and public understanding. The guest describes a landscape where hype and misinformation can outpace rigorous evidence, especially in a market flooded with so-called NAD boosters and IV therapies. They discuss the challenges of measuring NAD levels in tissues, the difference between blood NAD and tissue NAD, and the importance of preferring well-characterized precursors that can actually enter cells. The conversation also touches on the commercial and regulatory dynamics of the supplement industry, the emergence of professional standards like independent certifications, and the idea of industry alliances to promote transparency. The host and guest reflect on the ethics of biohacking, the line between science and sensationalism, and the responsibility to educate listeners who are navigating a complex wellness space while aspiring to healthier, longer lives.

In this episode of the Huberman Lab podcast, Andrew Huberman speaks with Dr. Peter Attia about the NAD pathway and its implications for healthspan and lifespan. Dr. Attia, a respected voice in longevity research, discusses various molecules related to NAD, including NR (Nicotinamide Riboside) and NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide), and their potential effects on cellular health and aging. The conversation begins with an overview of four categories of approaches to longevity: essential behavioral practices (like exercise and nutrition), the role of caloric intake and insulin regulation (mTOR pathway), targeting specific cellular pathways (like NAD), and more esoteric methods. They emphasize the importance of foundational behaviors such as movement, sleep, and diet over supplements. Dr. Attia explains that NAD is crucial for energy production and is involved in over 600 cellular pathways. As people age, NAD levels decline, which may affect DNA repair and mitochondrial function. They discuss the potential benefits of NAD supplementation, but both express skepticism about its efficacy for extending lifespan. They highlight that while NAD levels can be increased through supplements, there is no strong evidence that this translates to significant health or longevity benefits. The discussion also touches on the Interventions Testing Program (ITP), which has tested numerous compounds for lifespan extension, with few showing positive results. Notably, rapamycin has demonstrated consistent life-extending effects in various studies, unlike NAD precursors. Dr. Attia shares his personal supplement regimen, which includes rapamycin, fish oil, vitamin D, and others, while emphasizing that lifestyle choices are more impactful than supplements. He notes that while he occasionally takes NAD precursors, he does not believe they significantly contribute to longevity. The episode concludes with a reminder that while supplements can play a role in health, they should not replace essential lifestyle practices. Both hosts agree that exercise, nutrition, and emotional well-being are the primary drivers of healthspan and lifespan, and they encourage listeners to focus on these foundational elements rather than solely on supplementation.

Peter Attia and Rhonda Patrick delve into the often misunderstood topic of protein intake, challenging the conventional Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) of 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight as merely a 'minimal' allowance, not an optimal one. They critique the flawed nitrogen balance studies used to determine the RDA, citing inaccuracies in measuring nitrogen excretion and variations in nitrogen-to-protein ratios across different foods. Isotope tracer studies, particularly those using L13 carbon labeling, offer more accurate assessments of protein turnover, suggesting that a minimum of 1.2 grams per kilogram is necessary to prevent negative protein balance. The discussion emphasizes the body's inability to store amino acids, making consistent daily intake crucial to avoid catabolizing muscle tissue. Unlike fat and carbohydrates, which have storage mechanisms, amino acids primarily reside in muscle, highlighting the importance of adequate protein consumption for both short-term and long-term health. They address the issue of anabolic resistance, where muscles become less sensitive to amino acids with age, exacerbated by physical inactivity. Studies indicate that older adults require higher protein intakes to achieve the same muscle protein synthesis as younger individuals, but resistance training can mitigate this resistance. The conversation shifts to optimal protein intake, referencing studies suggesting that 1.6 grams per kilogram can lead to significant gains in lean body mass and strength, with diminishing returns beyond that level. They draw an analogy to APOB levels and cardiovascular disease, illustrating how the ideal protein intake varies based on individual circumstances and activity levels. The hosts advocate for aiming higher than the minimum to account for real-world dietary inconsistencies, suggesting a target of 2 grams per kilogram to ensure adequate intake even on less-than-ideal days. The discussion also covers specific scenarios such as pregnancy, adolescence, calorie restriction, intermittent fasting, and the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists, where higher protein intakes are particularly important. They caution against relying on protein gummies due to inaccurate labeling and emphasize the importance of easy-to-digest protein sources for individuals on GLP-1 medications. The conversation also addresses the controversy surrounding protein, mTOR activation, and cancer, clarifying that the benefits of protein intake, especially when coupled with physical activity, outweigh the theoretical risks associated with mTOR activation in sedentary individuals. The podcast pivots to creatine, a well-studied supplement known for its benefits in exercise performance and potential cognitive enhancement. Rhonda Patrick shares her journey into creatine research, driven by her increased focus on resistance training. Creatine, stored as creatine phosphate in muscles, aids in rapidly recycling ATP, the body's energy currency, benefiting high-intensity activities and recovery. While the body produces creatine endogenously, supplementation can further saturate muscle tissue, particularly benefiting vegetarians who lack dietary sources. The discussion highlights the importance of creatine for cognitive function, especially under stress, such as sleep deprivation or neurodegenerative conditions, advocating for a higher dose of 10 grams per day to effectively reach the brain. The episode concludes with a discussion on deliberate heat exposure through sauna use, emphasizing its benefits for cardiovascular and brain health. Rhonda Patrick shares her personal experience with sauna use and its positive impact on mental health, referencing studies on heat shock proteins and their role in preventing protein misfolding and aggregation, which are relevant to neurodegenerative diseases. They discuss the optimal temperature and duration for sauna use, cautioning against excessively high temperatures that may increase dementia risk. The hosts also touch on the benefits of sauna hats and the importance of hormetic stress for overall health.