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I am fully convinced about climate change. While we may not know the exact cause, we suspect it is related to the sun. There is a significant amount of evidence supporting this, and I would estimate that we are about 90% sure.

There is real concern about geophysical risks, and one way to deal with that is to not bet everything on one planet. One concern is a solar minimum, which causes drops in the economy and agriculture, making it difficult to feed the population due to climate changes related to the Earth's distance from the sun. These individuals are worried about climate change, but they don't think it's coming from human behavior. Historically, every ten to twelve thousand years, there is some kind of huge disaster or near extinction event. A magnetic pole shift is one theory of what causes these events.

Speaker 0 notes that Earth's climate changes radically over roughly ten thousand years, shifting from extremely hot to extremely cold, with ice ages and changes in the magnetic poles. Speaker 1 adds that on the climate change issue, he is fully convinced: even if we may not know exactly what is causing climate change, we suspect it is the sun, and there is a lot of evidence suggesting it is probably the sun. He estimates that about 90% of the evidence points to the sun, indicating a high level of certainty.

Over the past century, it has been discovered that the variations in the Earth's magnetic field, caused by the sun's charged particles, have a significant impact on global climate. This challenges the widely accepted belief that human-released carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels is solely responsible for recent climate change. By analyzing magnetic and meteorological data, scientists have found clear evidence of the sun's influence on temperature variations. Additionally, recent studies have shown that the atmosphere's sensitivity to carbon dioxide is much lower than previously thought, reducing its impact on global warming. On the other hand, solar physicist Mr. Scaffeta has revised satellite data, suggesting that solar irradiance is ten times stronger than previously estimated. These findings raise doubts about the certainty and arrogance of the conclusions made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

Humans have a significant impact on climate through activities like driving and using energy. Solar physicist Piers Corbin pioneered a weather forecasting technique based on sunspots, which are intense magnetic fields on the sun. Astronomers used to count sunspots to predict weather, and it was observed that during the little ice age, there were very few sunspots. Sunspots were tested as an indicator of weather by gambling on predictions against the Met Office, and they proved to be accurate. Scientists found a close correlation between solar activity and temperature variation on Earth. The sun affects climate directly through heat and indirectly through cloud formation. Cosmic rays from exploding supernovae form clouds when they meet water vapor, and solar activity affects the number of cosmic rays reaching Earth. The sun's magnetic field intensity doubled in the 20th century. Harvard astrophysicists found that solar activity correlates with Arctic temperature change, while carbon dioxide does not. The theory of man-made global warming gained traction due to political and economic factors, with Margaret Thatcher promoting nuclear power and funding research on climate change.

I am fully convinced about climate change. While we may not know all the causes, we suspect the sun plays a significant role. There's substantial evidence suggesting that around 90% of the influence comes from solar activity.

- They mentioned 8.2 kilo year event, which occur roughly 8,000 years ago, and the Younger Dryas period, which occurred roughly 12,700 years ago. - Now, what does these two events have in common? During these two events, there was a geomagnetic excursion. - Here's the study for the event 8,200 ago. So they suggest based on evidence found in a volcano in China that roughly 8,000 ago, there there was an unrecognized younger Holocene geomagnetic excursion. - So this suggests that this climate change eight thousand years ago occurred because of geomagnetic excursion. - During the Younger Dryas, there was also a geomagnetic excursion called the Gothenburg magnetic excursion. - So you can see that it ranges from 30,000 years to 12,000 years ago before present, exactly aligns with the younger, driest, abrupt climate change. - And what's happening today? Of course, there is a geomagnetic excursion. - You can see the pole shift acceleration around 1994. Just watch this acceleration.

The speaker discusses the impact of the sun on climate change, referring to historical periods of warmth and coldness. They explain that the sun's brightness and the Earth's orbit, influenced by other planets, are the main factors that explain climate variations. They criticize the focus on CO2 as the cause of climate change and emphasize the importance of considering seasonal variations and the sun's magnetic field. The speaker mentions their extensive research on the topic and concludes that predicting climate change is challenging due to the complexity of the sun's magnetic field.

Climate change is a fact, but humans are not causing it. NASA knows that over 90% of the CO2 is coming from the oceans. Is there more CO2 now than ten, twenty, fifty, or a hundred years ago? The answer is absolutely yes. Is it a bad thing? The answer is no. We're right about 440 parts per million right now. In geologic history, Cretaceous and Jurassic were over a thousand parts per million; Triassic, 2,000 parts per million. The earth was lush. CO2 levels and temperatures are not always one-to-one. Where's the CO2 coming from? NASA knows: the CO2 is coming from the oceans warming from underneath. Warm water holds less gas. The oceans are warming from underneath from tectonic processes every twelve thousand five hundred years, beginning in the core and causing more tectonic and volcanic activity, which is exactly what we're seeing.

Speaker 1 explains that when he says the Earth’s magnetic field has remained roughly constant over long timescales, he means its magnitude is roughly constant on those scales, though it varies and undergoes reversals where the North and South Poles flip. He notes that reversals correlate with ice ages and other climate signals, but averaging over these fluctuations keeps the amplitude roughly constant. He emphasizes that without a dynamo, the field would diffuse away in about 10^5 years, leaving Earth unprotected from cosmic radiation, which would be harmful to life. Speaker 3 asks about the use of quantum computing in plasma physics, acknowledging its newness. Speaker 1 answers: We can’t use it right now. The short answer is “we cannot.” The longer answer is that it may take twenty years for a quantum computer to become useful for solving real problems. It would be a mistake to wait twenty years and then try to port existing codes to a quantum computer, because quantum computing has a fundamentally different architecture. Therefore, two lines of thought should develop in parallel: by the time a useful quantum computer exists, we should already know how to map our problems to it. Speaker 1 elaborates that solving nonlinear problems on a quantum computer is not straightforward. He discusses the challenge of devising quantum algorithms for nonlinear problems. He mentions working with the Madelung transformation, which maps the Schrödinger equation into fluid-like equations, noting that this approach is interesting because magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) equations are similar in some ways. While the Madelung transformation has limitations, it illustrates the kind of problem mappings that might make certain problems more tractable on a quantum computer, though this represents a completely different paradigm from conventional computing. Speaker 3 thanks Speaker 1. Speaker 2 closes the session, noting the competition starts in about three and a half hours and that in about six hours there will be another talk on quantum computing with Tim from NYU Shanghai. He invites participants to tune in to see what the computer that might someday help solve these problems could look like. He thanks Professor Nun Lora again, and the session ends with acknowledgments from Speaker 1.

Climate is always changing, with measurable changes in temperature and rainfall. The planet has been warming and cooling for 4.567 billion years, and for most of that time, it has been warmer and wetter with higher sea levels than now. Warmings and coolings are driven by the Earth's distance from the sun, which changes due to its orbit shifting from circular to elliptical, its axis changing, and its wobbling. Unless you can change the magnetic fields of the sun or the Earth's orbit, you cannot change the climate. Throughout Earth's history, there have been millions of climate changes, none of which have been identified as driven by changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide. There is no record of carbon dioxide driving climate in the past, so there is no logical reason to think that current climate change is driven by changes in carbon dioxide. The past is the key to the present.

Over the past 400,000 years, there have been four interglacial periods and four glacial maximums. It takes 80,000 years to transition from an interglacial period to a glacial maximum, but only 10,000 years to come back out of it. The Milankovitch cycle, influenced by the gravity of Jupiter, affects the tilt of the Earth and the shape of its orbit, which in turn impacts temperature. Contrary to Al Gore's claim, CO2 does not cause temperature increase; rather, temperature warming the oceans leads to the release of CO2, while cooling oceans absorb it. The Vostok ice core record shows an 800-year lag between temperature and CO2 changes. Currently, CO2 levels are rising due to human emissions, but it is not causing a corresponding increase in temperature.

Over the past century, it has been discovered that the variations in the Earth's magnetic field, caused by the sun's charged particles, have a significant impact on global climate. This challenges the widely accepted belief that human-released carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels is solely responsible for recent climate change. By analyzing magnetic and meteorological data, scientists have found clear evidence of the sun's influence on temperature variations. Additionally, recent studies have shown that the atmosphere's sensitivity to carbon dioxide is much lower than previously thought, reducing its impact on temperature increase. On the other hand, solar physicist Mr. Scaffeta has revised satellite data, suggesting that solar irradiance is ten times stronger than previously estimated. These findings indicate that scientists may have been mistaken for the past twenty years, leading to skepticism towards the conclusions of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

Earth's climate changes radically over ten thousand years, shifting from extremely hot to extremely cold, as seen in ice ages. The magnetic poles have also shifted over time. While the exact cause of climate change is unknown, there's a strong suspicion, around 90% certainty, that it's the sun.

Earth's climate also changes pretty radically over the course of like say ten thousand years. You know, it can shift from being extremely hot to extremely cold. You can really go down a deep rabbit hole if you read about ice ages. That that that how much Earth's climate has changed and even where the where the magnetically where the poles are have has shifted over time. So on the climate change issue, I'm fully convinced. After all these years, even though we may not know exactly what is causing climate change, we suspect it's the sun. We have a lot of evidence to show that it's probably the sun. Very high percentage, you know, like, I would say, 90%, we're sure.

For the past 10,000 years, it has been warmer than today for about 95% of the time. Throughout the Earth's history of 4.65 billion years, there has been substantial ice on the planet for only about 5-10% of that time. Currently, we have low levels of CO2 compared to Earth's history. The carbon dioxide in the room is around 900, but there is nothing bad about it. In fact, the more carbon dioxide, the better.

Climate also changes pretty radically over the course of like say ten thousand years. You know, it can shift from being extremely hot to extremely cold. You can really go down a deep rabbit hole if you read about ice ages. So interesting. That's That that that how much Earth's climate has changed and even where the where the magnetically where the poles are have has shifted over time.

Scientists have found a link between temperature and CO2, but it's the opposite of what many believe. In the past, temperature has risen first, followed by a rise in CO2 levels. Ice ages start when CO2 is at its maximum and end when it's at its minimum, contradicting the idea that CO2 controls temperature. Looking back over millions of years, CO2 levels have changed drastically, but they have never driven temperature changes.

There is real concern about geophysical risks, and one way to deal with that is to not bet everything on one planet. One concern is a solar minimum, which can cause big drops in the economy and agriculture, making it difficult to feed the population due to climate changes related to the Earth's distance from the sun. Some people are worried about climate change, but they don't think it's coming from human behavior. However, there are environmental problems coming from human behavior. Historically, every ten to twelve thousand years, there has been some kind of huge disaster or near extinction event. A magnetic pole shift is one theory of what causes these events.

On climate change, the speaker says they are fully convinced. They acknowledge we may not know exactly what is causing climate change but suspect it is the sun. They claim there is a lot of evidence showing it’s probably the sun, and that about 90% are sure.

We are currently in an interglacial period within an ongoing ice age that started 34 million years ago. The climate fluctuates between cold glaciation and warm interglacial periods, driven by the sun's heat. The distance from the sun determines the temperature, not trace gases. No legislation can alter the Earth's orbit, which will eventually lead us into another cool period. These climate cycles occur every few hundred million, hundred thousand, and few thousand years, influenced by factors such as continental movements, cosmic rays, orbital changes, solar activity, tides, and oceanic patterns. The combination of these cycles can bring about rapid climate changes.

Earth's climate changes radically over ten thousand years, shifting from extremely hot to extremely cold. The Earth's magnetic poles have also shifted over time. While the exact cause of climate change is unknown, there is suspicion and evidence suggesting the sun is the primary factor. There is a high degree of certainty, around 90%, that the sun is the cause.

People shouldn't panic about global warming because current changes are normal based on Earth's natural history. Over the last 10,000 years, temperatures have fluctuated by about one degree at the Equator and two degrees at the poles every thousand years. The current rate of rise is about one degree per century, which is not unusual. The IPCC's models are flawed because they assume no natural change. The greenhouse effect is small compared to other atmospheric factors like solar radiation and gravity, with oceans and clouds primarily controlling climate stability. The pre-industrialization period used as a baseline by the IPCC was the lowest point in the last ten thousand years. It is currently one degree above that low but two degrees cooler than the warmest period in the last eight to ten thousand years. During the last interglacial period, it was six degrees warmer, and hippos and elephants lived in England.

The sun's magnetic field flips roughly every eleven years, with its north and south magnetic poles switching places. This flip is accompanied by a gradual increase in solar activity, including more sunspots, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections. The peak of this activity is called solar maximum, marking the solar cycle's halfway point and typically involving a year or two of heightened solar activity. During solar maximum, there's a potential increase in severe geomagnetic storms on Earth, which can cause aurora and pose risks to communications, satellites, and power grids. NASA scientists study the solar cycle to better understand and protect against solar activity's effects on technology both in space and on Earth.