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The Ukraine war's roots trace back to 1990 when the U.S. assured Gorbachev that NATO wouldn't expand eastward in exchange for German unification. However, NATO began expanding in 1999, leading to tensions with Russia. Initially, Putin was open to cooperation, but U.S. actions, such as withdrawing from the anti-ballistic missile treaty and supporting regime change in Ukraine, escalated the conflict. In 2014, the U.S. played a role in the ousting of President Yanukovych, prompting further NATO expansion despite Russian objections. In December 2021, Putin proposed a security agreement to halt NATO's growth, but the U.S. rejected it. The war has resulted in significant Ukrainian casualties, and the narrative surrounding the conflict often misrepresents the complexities involved, portraying Russia as an aggressor without acknowledging the historical context.

Ukraine has been a path of invasion into Russia. To avoid this, Gorbachev agreed to allow Germany to reunify under NATO, but only if NATO didn't expand eastward. Despite this agreement, NATO expanded, and the US withdrew from nuclear weapons treaties, placing missile systems near Moscow. In 2014, the US allegedly overthrew Ukraine's government, leading Russia to annex Crimea to protect its naval base. When the new Ukrainian government attacked ethnic Russians, Russia intervened to protect them. Zelenskyy was elected on a promise of peace by signing the Minsk Accords, but he refused to sign the agreement. Russia intervened, seeking negotiations to keep Ukraine out of NATO. A treaty was drafted, but allegedly, Joe Biden sent Boris Johnson to force Ukraine to abandon it. The result has been a catastrophic loss of life, with the world viewing the US as the aggressor.

The Ukraine war didn't begin with Putin's invasion; it's rooted in broken promises. In 1990, the US assured Gorbachev NATO wouldn't expand eastward, a pledge violated starting in 1994. NATO expansion, coupled with US actions like the 1999 bombing of Serbia and the 2002 withdrawal from the ABM treaty, fueled Russian insecurity. The US involvement in Ukrainian politics, including the 2014 coup, further escalated tensions. Putin's 2021 security proposal, seeking to prevent NATO expansion, was rejected. The US's "open door" policy for NATO enlargement, and its support for Ukraine's continued fight, directly contradicts the assurances made to Gorbachev, leading to the current conflict. This is not a simple case of Russian aggression, but a culmination of decades of broken promises and escalating tensions.

- Democrats' spending caused inflation, and Biden's administration ignited global unrest after a peaceful period under Trump. Biden's Afghanistan withdrawal was botched, and NATO expansion talks provoked Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Opportunities for peace were rejected, leading to a prolonged war with mass casualties and depleted US stockpiles. - The US has a history of military interventions, including the bombing of Belgrade, and illegal wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria, as well as involvement in the 2014 coup in Kyiv. The US government cannot be trusted. - NATO expansion was promised not to move "one inch eastward" but Clinton signed off on plans to expand NATO to Ukraine. The US unilaterally withdrew from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty in 2002, leading to missile systems in Eastern Europe that Russia views as a threat. - Putin sought to force Ukraine to negotiate neutrality, aiming to keep NATO off Russia's border. The US rejected negotiations, and a draft Russia-US security agreement proposing no NATO enlargement. - Germany has aligned with the US, supporting NATO expansion, but previously had an independent foreign policy. Merkel knew NATO expansion was a bad idea but gave in to US pressure. - The US is in a hot war with Russia, with US personnel on the ground in Ukraine. Russia could disable critical American infrastructure. - The war in Ukraine is a US-Russia conflict provoked by the US with the aim of NATO enlargement. The American people have been told the opposite. - The war started in 2014 with US involvement in the overthrow of Ukraine's government. The US rejected off-ramps and continues to fund the war, resulting in Ukrainian deaths and territorial losses. - The US should negotiate with Russia, acknowledging mutual security concerns and halting NATO enlargement. - The US is trying to destroy Russia through CIA operations in Ukraine. Russia is defending its right to survive. - Globalists aim to exploit Ukraine's resources and destroy Russia. The BRICS nations are moving towards a gold-backed currency. - The US has invested billions in Ukraine since 1991 to support a democratic government. Zelenskyy's team is adding fuel to the fire. - The US blew up the Nord Stream pipeline, as promised by Biden. - The US is turning Ukraine into a de facto member of NATO.

The speaker suggests the US has a history of interventionism, citing the bombing of Belgrade to create Kosovo and establish a NATO base. They claim the US illegally engaged in wars in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria, with the Obama administration tasking the CIA to overthrow Bashar al Assad. They also allege the US, along with right-wing Ukrainian military forces, overthrew Yanukovych in Kyiv in 2014, despite an EU agreement for early elections. The speaker states that in 2015, Russia wanted peace through negotiations, leading to the Minsk II agreement, which was unanimously voted on by the UN Security Council and signed by Ukraine. However, the speaker claims the US government laughed at it, and Angela Merkel admitted it was a holding pattern to allow Ukraine to build strength. The speaker distrusts the US government and wants both sides to agree to terms publicly, with the US agreeing to stop overthrowing governments, Russia agreeing to not advance further, and NATO agreeing to not enlarge.

In 1994, the U.S. initiated a project to expand NATO eastward indefinitely, despite assurances given to Mikhail Gorbachev in 1990 that NATO would not move "one inch eastward." This expansion continued under multiple presidents, with seven more countries added in 2004. In 2007, Putin urged the U.S. to halt expansion, reminding them of the earlier promise. In 2002, the U.S. unilaterally withdrew from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and began installing anti-ballistic missile systems in Russia's bordering territories. In 2008, George Bush Jr. aimed to include Ukraine and Georgia in NATO, which led to conflict. The U.S. also played a role in the 2014 overthrow of Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych, who favored neutrality. Recently, President Trump had a call with President Putin, signaling a respect for Russia's concerns. The new defense secretary stated that Ukraine will not join NATO. Additionally, Secretary of State Marco Rubio acknowledged a multipolar world, marking a shift from the U.S. mindset of sole superpower dominance. These events signal a potential shift towards peace.

Putin's intention in the war was to keep NATO, meaning the United States, off Russia's border. After the Soviet Union ended in 1991, the US decided to continue NATO's eastward expansion, formally deciding in 1994 to include Ukraine and Georgia. This expansion began in 1999 and continued in 2004, upsetting Russia. In 2008, the US pushed for NATO enlargement to Ukraine and Georgia, which border Russia. Russia protested, fearing the US would react similarly if Russia placed military bases near its borders. In 2014, the US actively worked to overthrow Yanukovych in Ukraine, and later, Ukraine refused to enforce the Minsk agreement, leading to conflict in the Donbas. Putin's initial war intention was to force Zelenskyy to negotiate neutrality, but Ukraine withdrew from near agreement due to US influence, leading to a proxy war with significant Ukrainian casualties.

Putin's intention in the war was to keep NATO, meaning the United States, off Russia's border. After the Soviet Union ended in 1991, NATO agreed not to move eastward, but the US later decided to enlarge NATO eastward to Ukraine and Georgia. Despite Russia's unhappiness, NATO enlargement continued. In 2008, the US pushed for NATO enlargement to Ukraine and Georgia, leading to protests from Russia. The US then installed missile systems in Poland and Romania. In 2014, the US actively worked to overthrow the Russia-leaning Yanukovych government in Ukraine. Later, Ukraine, supported by the US, refused to enforce the Minsk Two agreement, which would have given autonomy to Russian-speaking regions. In 2022, the US asserted its right to place missile systems anywhere, leading to the war. Putin's initial aim was to negotiate Ukraine's neutrality, but Ukraine withdrew from near-agreement due to US influence, furthering the proxy war.

Checklist for summary approach: - Identify and preserve the core causation chain from 1990 to the present. - Retain all direct claims about NATO expansion, treaties, regime changes, and key US actions. - Highlight unique or surprising elements (intercepted calls, personal connections, blunt quotes). - Exclude repetition, filler, and off-topic discussions. - Do not judge the claims; present them as stated, without added qualifiers. - Translate any non-English nuances into concise English where needed. - Aim for 395–494 words. According to the speaker, the Ukraine war is not a Putin-initiated attack as framed by common narratives, but a long sequence beginning in 1990. James Baker (Secretary of State) told Mikhail Gorbachev that NATO would not move eastward if Germany unified; Gorbachev agreed. The speaker asserts the US then “cheated” with a 1994 Clinton plan to expand NATO to Ukraine, arguing that neoconservatives took power and NATO enlargement began in 1999 with Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. Russia initially cared little, seeing no direct border threat beyond Kaliningrad, and NATO’s bombing of Belgrade in 1999 aggravated Moscow. Putin’s leadership is described as initially pro-European; he even considered joining NATO when a mutually respectful relationship existed. After 9/11, Russia supported the US in counterterrorism, but two decisive later actions altered it. In 2002 the United States unilaterally withdrew from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, which the speaker says triggered US missile deployments in Eastern Europe—Aegis systems—prompting Russia to fear a decapitation strike from missiles near Moscow. He claims the US then invaded Iraq in 2003 on phony pretenses. In 2004–2005 a “soft regime change operation” in Ukraine (the first color revolution) installed leaders connected to US interests; the speaker recalls advising Ukraine’s government in the early 1990s and knows Yushchenko personally. Yanukovych won Ukraine’s 2009 election and pursued neutrality; the US pressed NATO expansion despite Ukrainian public preference for neutrality amid ethnic divides. On 22 February 2014, the US actively participated in overthrowing Yanukovych, with a leaked call between Victoria Nuland and Jeffrey Pyatt discussing a preferred next government (names like Yatsenyuk/Yats, and influence from Biden) and vowing Western support; the speaker asserts the Americans told Yanukovych to fight on, promising “we’ve got your back” but “we don’t have your front,” pushing Ukraine into front lines and contributing to a high death toll—“six hundred thousand deaths now of Ukrainians since Boris Johnson flew to Kyiv to tell them to be brave.” The speaker contends the war is misrepresented as a madman invading Europe and criticizes it as “bogus, fake history” and a PR narrative by the US government; he claims NYT suppressed his commentary and argues the US ignores prudence in favor of open-ended enlargement. He cautions against pursuing China and Taiwan, warning about nuclear risk if a power challenges the US. He notes Putin’s 2021 security proposal to bar NATO enlargement, the White House’s rejection of negotiations, and NATO’s “open door” stance, which he decries as unstable. The narrative concludes with a focus on preventing further escalation and avoiding a nuclear confrontation.

Putin's intention in the war was to keep NATO, meaning the United States, off of Russia's border. In 1994, President Clinton signed off on NATO enlargement to the East, including Ukraine and Georgia. Russia was unhappy with the enlargement, especially with the Baltic states, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, and Slovakia in 2004. In 2008, the US pushed for NATO enlargement to Ukraine and Georgia. In 2010, the US put Aegis missile systems in Poland and Romania. Also in 2010, Viktor Yanukovych was elected in Ukraine on a platform of neutrality. In 2014, the US worked to overthrow Yanukovych, as evidenced by a phone call involving Victoria Newland and the US Ambassador. The Minsk agreement, calling for autonomy for Russian-speaking regions, was not enforced by the US and Ukraine. In January 2022, Blinken told Lavrov that the US reserves the right to put missile systems wherever it wants. The war's initial intention was to force Zelensky to negotiate neutrality, which nearly happened, but Ukraine walked away, allegedly due to US influence. The US senators view the conflict as a proxy war where no Americans are dying.

The speaker expresses deep sadness about the current situation with Russia, noting extensive time spent in Russia in the 1980s and 1990s and connections with people who ran the government then. He argues that a fundamental error by the United States in the mid to late 1980s and early 1990s was the expansion of NATO. He emphasizes that after the Cold War was won, there was debate about NATO’s future, and the idea of expanding it arose despite it being a bureaucracy that “works.” The speaker recounts a key episode from the reunification negotiations with Germany. He says that during those talks, Gorbachev and Jim Baker discussed the treaty, which stated that there would be no NATO troops in East Germany, and Baker told Gorbachev that if Germany were reunified and NATO expanded beyond that, NATO would not expand “one inch further east.” The speaker states that Gorbachev told him and others that Baker had promised this interpretation, and that Gorbachev also told Coal (likely a reference to other Russian officials) the same thing, which he says was new information. He asserts that the first Bush administration kept this promise, or at least appeared to honor it, pursuing a partnership for peace that Russians somewhat liked. With the Clinton administration, the speaker asserts, the first thing done in his first term was to expand NATO. He questions the rationale, referencing Strobe Talbot’s Foreign Affairs article on why NATO was expanded, and implies the reasons were insufficient. In conversations with Russians who ran for president in 1996 and 2000, he recalls a question from the Urals about why the Americans were expanding NATO, noting that although NATO is a military alliance, Russians might not understand puts and calls but do understand tanks. He quotes a Russian politician who says, “Russians might not be able to understand puts and calls, but they certainly understand tanks.” The speaker uses a banking analogy: a friend or supporter goes bankrupt, and you call to offer encouragement; instead, the United States “kicked them when they were down” by expanding NATO. He contends that this expansion created the justification for authoritarianism’s return in Russia and characterizes it as a blunder of monumental proportions. He reflects that at Oxford he studied Cold War origins and believes the Russians were responsible for much of it, describing the expansion as born of bureaucratic inertia within NATO, or, in the worst case, a self-fulfilling prophecy among certain Clinton-era officials who believed Russia would forever be the enemy. Looking forward, the speaker suggests a missed opportunity for a strategic partnership built on common long-term threats and cooperation, noting that Russia would have been a significant partner given its oil and regional influence. He concludes with a sense of profound sadness, arguing that the United States created a problem that could have been avoided and lost an important long-term partner, especially on today’s most threatening issues.

According to the speaker, the conflict in Ukraine began in 1990 when James Baker allegedly told Mikhail Gorbachev that NATO would not move "one inch eastward" if he agreed to German unification. The US then supposedly cheated on this agreement, starting in 1994 under Clinton, with plans to expand NATO to Ukraine. NATO expansion began in 1999 with Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. The US bombing of Serbia in 1999 was another point of contention. In 2002, the US unilaterally withdrew from the anti-ballistic missile treaty, leading to missile systems in Eastern Europe that Russia perceived as a threat. The US allegedly participated in the overthrow of Yanukovych in 2014. Putin repeatedly asked the US to stop NATO enlargement, especially after Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia joined in 2004. In December 2021, Putin proposed a Russia-US security agreement based on no NATO enlargement, but the White House rejected negotiations, maintaining an "open door policy" for NATO. After the special military operation began, Zelensky initially signaled openness to neutrality, but the US and Britain allegedly encouraged continued fighting.

Putin's intention in the war wasn't to take over Ukraine, but to keep NATO, meaning the United States, off Russia's border. After the Soviet Union's end in 1991, an agreement stated NATO wouldn't move eastward, but the US decided to expand NATO eastward, formally deciding in 1994 to include Ukraine and Georgia. NATO enlargement began in 1999, upsetting Russia. By 2008, the US pushed for NATO expansion to Ukraine and Georgia, which Russia protested, drawing a parallel to a hypothetical military base on the US border. In 2014, the US actively worked to overthrow Yanukovych. Putin's intention was to force Zelensky to negotiate neutrality, which initially occurred, but Ukraine withdrew from the agreement, reportedly due to US influence. The US aimed to isolate Russia by controlling the Black Sea, viewing it as a proxy war, while the consequences included significant Ukrainian casualties.

Russia has been invaded three times through Ukraine, and they don't want Ukraine to join NATO. Gorbachev agreed to German reunification under NATO with the promise that NATO wouldn't expand eastward. However, in 1997, plans were made to move NATO eastward, incorporating 15 countries and surrounding the Soviet Union. NATO expanded into 14 new nations and withdrew from nuclear weapons treaties with Russia, placing missile systems in Romania and Poland. The U.S. allegedly overthrew the Ukrainian government in 2014, installing a Western-sympathetic government. Russia then entered Crimea to protect its warm water port. The new Ukrainian government allegedly began killing ethnic Russians in Donbas and Lugans. The Minsk Accords, designed to keep NATO out of Ukraine, were refused by the Ukrainian parliament. Zelenskyy was elected in 2019 promising to sign the Accords, but allegedly pivoted due to threats from ultra-rightists and the U.S. Russia then intervened, aiming to negotiate. A treaty guaranteeing Ukraine wouldn't join NATO was allegedly signed, but Boris Johnson, allegedly under Joe Biden's direction, forced Zelenskyy to abandon it.

This conflict didn't begin recently; it started in 1990 with the promise that NATO wouldn't expand eastward if Germany reunified, a promise quickly broken starting in 1994 with plans to include Ukraine. Expansion began in 1999, and despite initial Russian complaints, Putin initially sought cooperation, even suggesting Russia join NATO. Key turning points included the US withdrawing from the anti-ballistic missile treaty in 2002, placing missile systems in Eastern Europe, and a US-backed regime change in Ukraine in 2014. Despite Putin's repeated requests to halt NATO expansion, the US refused, maintaining an "open door" policy. When Putin proposed a security agreement in December 2021 to prevent NATO enlargement, the White House rejected negotiations. After the military operation began, Zelensky was open to neutrality, but the US and Britain encouraged continued fighting, leading to significant casualties.

The Ukraine war's roots trace back to 1990, when the U.S. promised not to expand NATO eastward in exchange for German unification. However, NATO began expanding in 1999, which angered Russia. Initially, Putin was open to cooperation with the West but grew frustrated as the U.S. withdrew from treaties and placed missile systems in Eastern Europe. In 2014, the U.S. played a role in the overthrow of Ukraine's elected president, leading to further NATO expansion despite Russian objections. When Russia launched its military operation, Ukraine offered neutrality, but the U.S. encouraged continued resistance, resulting in significant Ukrainian casualties. This narrative challenges the portrayal of Putin as a madman, suggesting a complex history influenced by U.S. actions.

Putin claims he wants to negotiate the war, but Zelensky refuses. Historically, Ukraine has faced invasions, including from Hitler. After the Soviet Union's fall, Gorbachev allowed Germany to reunify under NATO, seeking a commitment not to expand NATO eastward. However, NATO expanded into 14 countries, and the U.S. withdrew from nuclear treaties. In 2014, the U.S. supported a government change in Ukraine, prompting Russia to annex Crimea. Zelensky, elected on a peace platform, was pressured not to sign the Minsk Accords. When Russia invaded with a small force, they sought negotiations, but U.S. intervention led to the treaty's collapse. The conflict has resulted in significant casualties, with Ukraine suffering heavily. The perception is that the U.S. appears as the aggressor in this situation.

The speaker explains that the idea of Ukraine joining a Western military alliance is unacceptable to Russia. This goes back to 1990 when the Soviet Union collapsed and NATO agreed not to expand eastward. However, NATO did expand to East Germany and later to the borders of Russia under Clinton. The new Ukrainian government voted to join NATO, which the speaker sees as a serious strategic threat to Russia. The speaker argues that Russia's actions, such as taking Crimea, are reactions to this threat rather than acts of protection.

The Ukraine conflict didn't begin with Putin's 2022 invasion; it's rooted in broken promises dating back to 1990. The US, despite assurances to Gorbachev that NATO wouldn't expand eastward, violated this agreement, starting with NATO expansion in 1999. This was followed by NATO bombing of Serbia in 1999 and the placement of missile systems in Eastern Europe, viewed by Russia as a direct threat. Further US involvement included the 2004 and 2014 Ukrainian regime changes. Despite Putin's initial pro-Western stance and his 2021 proposal for a security agreement barring NATO expansion, the West's continued support for Ukraine escalated the conflict. The narrative of Putin as a madman is a misrepresentation; this is a complex geopolitical game with potentially devastating consequences.

In 1994, the U.S. initiated a project to expand NATO eastward indefinitely, despite earlier assurances to President Gorbachev that NATO wouldn't move "one inch eastward." This expansion continued under successive presidents, with seven more countries added in 2004. Putin voiced his opposition in 2007, reminding the U.S. of their promise. Further destabilization occurred when the U.S. unilaterally withdrew from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty in 2002 and moved towards including Ukraine and Georgia in NATO, which led to conflict. In 2010, Ukraine elected a neutral president, Yanukovych, who was later overthrown in 2014. Recently, a call between Presidents Trump and Putin, along with a statement from the new defense secretary, suggests a potential shift towards respecting Russia's concerns and acknowledging that Ukraine will not join NATO, potentially forming a basis for peace.

The Ukraine war's roots trace back to 1990, when the U.S. promised not to expand NATO eastward in exchange for German unification. However, NATO began expanding in 1999, leading to tensions with Russia. Initially, Putin was open to cooperation, but U.S. actions, including withdrawing from the anti-ballistic missile treaty and supporting regime change in Ukraine, heightened distrust. In 2014, the U.S. played a role in the overthrow of Ukraine's elected president, Yanukovych, despite Russian objections to NATO's expansion. In December 2021, Putin proposed a security agreement to halt NATO enlargement, but the U.S. rejected it. The conflict escalated, resulting in significant Ukrainian casualties, while the narrative of a madman in Putin is seen as misleading. The situation reflects a complex geopolitical struggle rather than a simple attack.

The conflict involving Ukraine and Russia has deep historical roots, beginning with a promise made in 1990 that NATO would not expand eastward in exchange for German unification. However, NATO expansion began in 1999, which Russia initially tolerated. Tensions escalated after the U.S. withdrew from the anti-ballistic missile treaty in 2002 and engaged in regime change in Ukraine in 2014. Despite Putin's repeated requests to halt NATO's expansion, the U.S. maintained an open-door policy for NATO membership. Negotiations to prevent war were rejected, leading to the current conflict. Zelensky's call for neutrality was dismissed by the U.S. and Britain, resulting in significant Ukrainian casualties.

Putin's intention in the war was to force Zelensky to negotiate—Neutrality. "The idea was to keep NATO. And what is NATO? It's The United States off of Russia's border. No more, no less." When the Soviet Union ended in 1991, an agreement was made that NATO will not move one inch eastward, but "the decision was taken formally in 1994 when president Clinton signed off on NATO enlargement to the East, all the way to Ukraine and into Georgia." Enlargement continued: 1999 (Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic); 2004 (Baltic states, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Slovakia). Putin said "stop" in 02/2007; in 02/2008, "The United States jammed down Europe's throat enlargement of NATO to Ukraine and to Georgia." 02/2010, Yanukovych neutrality; US overthrow in 2014; Minsk accords; "autonomy for the Russian speaking regions" in the East. "Blinken told Lavrov in January 2022, The United States reserves the right to put missile systems wherever it wants." The war started; "Ukraine walked away unilaterally from a near agreement" because "The United States told them to." It's the pure proxy war; and "a million Ukrainians have died or been severely"

The Ukraine war's roots trace back to 1990, when the U.S. promised not to expand NATO eastward in exchange for German unification. However, NATO expansion began in 1999, angering Russia. Initially, Putin sought a cooperative relationship with the West but grew wary after the U.S. withdrew from the anti-ballistic missile treaty in 2002 and placed missile systems in Eastern Europe. The U.S. played a role in the 2014 overthrow of Ukraine's President Yanukovych, leading to further NATO enlargement despite Russian objections. In December 2021, Putin proposed a security agreement to halt NATO expansion, but the U.S. and Britain encouraged Ukraine to resist, resulting in significant casualties. The narrative of a madman like Hitler is a misleading portrayal of the situation, obscuring the complex history and geopolitical dynamics at play.

Speaker 1 argues that the United States has repeatedly engaged in illegal military actions and regime changes in multiple countries, starting with the bombing of Belgrade for 78 days to change borders of a European state, with the aim of breaking Serbia and installing Bondsteel, a large NATO base in the Balkans, under Clinton. They claim this was done without UN authority and described as a NATO mission. Speaker 1 continues, alleging that the US has subsequently waged war in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria, where, according to them, the Obama administration and Hillary Clinton tasked the CIA with overthrowing Bashar al-Assad. They also claim NATO illegally bombed Libya to topple Muammar Gaddafi, and that in Kyiv in February 2014 the US overthrew Yanukovych together with right-wing Ukrainian military forces, noting that the overthrow happened the day after EU representatives had reached an agreement with Yanukovych for early elections, a government of national unity, and a stand-down of both sides. They assert that the US supported the new government immediately afterward, despite that agreement and without addressing it as unconstitutional. Speaker 1 asserts that Russia, the United States, and the EU were parties to the 2015 Minsk two agreement, which was unanimously voted on by the UN Security Council, signed by the government of Ukraine, and guaranteed explicitly by Germany and France. They contend that Minsk II was dismissed as a holding pattern by inside-US government circles, despite the UN Security Council approval. They claim Angela Merkel later said Minsk II was a holding pattern to allow Ukraine time to build its strength, countering the assertion that Minsk II was meant to end the war. The speaker emphasizes distrust of the United States government and calls for all sides to sit down publicly to agree on terms, with both the United States and Russia committing to specific boundaries, and for NATO not to enlarge, so that a written, global judgment can be made. Speaker 2 adds that there has been an ongoing effort to create an anti-Russian platform in Ukraine, describing it as an enclave, and accusing the US and its allies of lying about not expanding NATO multiple times. Speaker 3 states that President Putin sent a draft treaty asking NATO to promise no more enlargement as a precondition for not invading Ukraine, and notes that this draft was not signed.