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The first two five-year plans in the Soviet Union were designed by American corporations. The New Economic Policy, initiated by Lenin in 1923, saw Russian industries rebuilt by foreign corporations, including German, British, French, and American companies. By 1928, Russia had regained its industrial output and began implementing ambitious five-year plans. The Russian Government Planning Commission, known as GOS Plan, initially designed the plans but found them inadequate. American corporations were then brought in to design the first and second five-year plans. This involvement of American industry provided technology, finance, and materials that ultimately contributed to the creation of Hitler's war machine. Additionally, it is not widely known that April Harriman, a member of the Pilgrim Society, acted as a dictator in Russia from 1942 to 1944 during Stalin's nervous breakdown, while serving as the U.S. Ambassador to Russia.