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All three Abrahamic religions initially considered charging interest as immoral, but over time, usury became more accepted in Western society. Fractional reserve banking allows banks to create money out of thin air and charge interest on loans. The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 and the Emergency Banking Act of 1933 further increased debt, while the banking cartel funded both World Wars. The US turned to its military and the petrodollar to maintain world reserve currency status. However, this Ponzi scheme is collapsing, with crashing markets and a quadrillion-dollar derivatives market. The banking cartel aims to convert everyone to an authoritarian CBDC, but without trust, they will face challenges. Hard times are approaching, and it is suggested to prepare and create a banking system that serves the people.

All three Abrahamic religions initially considered charging interest (usury) as immoral, but over time, it became more accepted in Western society. Fractional reserve banking allows banks to create money out of thin air and charge interest on loans. The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 and subsequent events led to the US printing money beyond its gold reserves. To maintain world reserve currency status, the US relied on its military and engaged in wars. The current financial system is compared to a Ponzi scheme, with the markets crashing and the derivatives market being worth more than the world's financial assets. The speaker suggests that the collapse of this system will result in the loss of money in banks and calls for a banking system that serves the people.

Here's what's happening in America: we're drowning in debt because of a debt-based banking system controlled by private bankers. The Federal Reserve, deceptively named, is a private entity manipulating our money for profit, not public interest. Since 1913, Congress has granted it a monopoly over our currency, leading to economic instability. The solution? Education and action. We must reclaim the power to issue our money, as figures like Franklin and Lincoln once did. This isn't radical; it's restoring the issuing power to the people. Reform involves paying off the debt with debt-free U.S. notes, abolishing fractional reserve banking, and repealing the Federal Reserve Act, returning monetary power to the Treasury.

The transcript presents a sweeping critique of the modern monetary system, arguing that money is created not by governments but by private banks through debt, with consequences that affect the entire world. The speakers outline a long historical arc in which banking interests, central banks, and debt-based money have steadily gained power, eroded public sovereignty, and produced recurring crises, while the general population bears the costs. Key claims and points - The root problem: The money supply is created by the community of money users through borrowing from commercial banks. The bulk of money creation originates with banks, which decide when and how much money to produce, leading to an out-of-control system. Governments borrow money from banks, which effectively enslaves the broader economy. - Concept of the debt-money system: The money system is described as a global Ponzi scheme, in which new money comes into existence as debt with interest. Because interest must be paid, the system requires ever more debt to be sustained, and people and nations are drawn into a cycle that benefits banks at the expense of the public. - Historical pattern of private control: The narrative traces a long history in which private banking families (notably the Rothschilds, Rockefellers, and Morgans) and allied financiers manipulated governments to borrow and to reward speculative advantage. It alleges that private central banks and debt-based money systems sought to consolidate power in private hands, sometimes by fomenting or exploiting crises. - Tally sticks and early monetary control: In medieval England, tally sticks were used as money and as a way to keep money power out of bankers’ hands. Their suppression by bankers in 1834 is described as a revenge of a debt-free money system that had empowered the public for centuries. - Goldsmiths, fractional reserve lending, and counterfeiting: The text explains fractional reserve lending as a historic means by which goldsmiths expanded the money supply beyond real reserves, enabling them to profit from interest and to influence economies; this practice is labeled a form of counterfeiting and a source of systemic instability. - The rise of central banking and central control: The transformation from debt-free or government-issuing money to privately controlled central banks is traced from the Bank of England (1694) to the U.S. National Banking Act (1863) and the creation of the Federal Reserve System (1913). The Aldrich Plan, the Jekyll Island meeting (1910–1912), and the public relations campaign to popularize a central banking system are described as pivotal steps toward centralized control over the money supply. - Lincoln’s greenbacks and the political fight over money: The narrative emphasizes Abraham Lincoln’s issuance of greenbacks during the Civil War as debt-free money created by the government. It claims bankers reacted defensively (Hazard Circular) and moved to undermine greenbacks through bonds and later the National Banking Act, which made private banks central to the money supply. Lincoln’s assassination is linked to the broader battle over monetary policy. - Civil War, the rise of debt, and depressions: The text links episodes such as the Panic of 1837, the Coinage Act of 1873, and the Panic of 1893 to deliberate contractions or manipulations of money supply by banking interests. It argues these episodes were engineered to force or normalize debt-based monetary arrangements and central banking. - The 20th century and the Federal Reserve: The Great Depression is attributed to deliberate contraction of the money supply by the Federal Reserve. The text argues that the Fed, a privately owned central bank, has operated to protect the banking sector at the public’s expense, with the 2008 financial crisis cited as confirmation of this dynamic. - Political economy and influence: The narrative contends that politics and academia have been co-opted by moneyed interests. It asserts that large campaign contributions from banks shape policy, and that many economists are funded or controlled by the Reserve and major banks, limiting critical debate about monetary reform. It also claims media and public discourse are constrained by debt relationships and corporate power. - Proposed reforms and principles: Across speakers, a consensus emerges around three core reforms: - Forbid government borrowing as a mechanism for money creation; return to debt-free, government-created money that serves the public interest. - Put money creation under public control, not private banks, with national or local sovereign authority issuing debt-free currency. - End fractional reserve lending and ensure robust competition among banks so that money is created in the public interest and channeled into productive real-economy lending rather than financial speculation. - Practical implementation ideas offered by some speakers: - Government to issue debt-free sovereign currency directly; private banks would compete to lend government-approved money to the public. - Eliminate consolidated currencies (e.g., the euro) in favor of national sovereignty over money creation. - Use monetary policy to match money supply with real productive activity, controlling inflation by adjusting the money supply through public channels rather than debt-based credit expansion. - Repeal or reform existing central banking structures to reestablish a Bank of the United States owned by the people rather than by private banks. - Promote transparency, reduce the influence of special interests in academia and media, and educate the public about money creation. - Enduring critique and warning: If the status quo persists, the system is said to threaten Western civilization and global freedom, with potential for continued debt-serfdom and systemic collapse if debt-based money and private central banks remain in control. - Concluding perspective: The speakers urge decisive reform, emphasizing that the truth about money creation is accessible to the public and that collective political will can restore monetary systems to serve the people. They conclude with a call to remember Margaret Mead’s idea that a small group can change the world, and exhort listeners to pursue debt-free monetary reform as a path to greater production, independence, and freedom.

No country can be truly democratic or independent without control over its own currency. The people, not unelected bankers, should have the power to determine the value and control of their currency through the democratic process. Paper money needs to be backed by a hard asset to maintain its credibility. Countries are forced to borrow US dollars because oil must be paid for in this currency. Consequently, they pay interest to the private owners of the US Federal Reserve, including US citizens themselves. Any threat to the petrodollar, like the creation of the euro, is fiercely opposed. Wars are not fought for democracy and freedom, but rather to protect the private bankers who control the world's printing press. It is time to hold these central bankers accountable for the financial hardships and bloodshed they cause.

The transcript presents a series of conspiracy claims about the Rothschild family, the Federal Reserve, and Jewish influence over global finance. - The Rothschild family is described as extraordinarily wealthy, with wealth estimates claiming “close to $500,000,000,000,000,” and as having hidden underground vaults, secret financial records never audited, and a public image that disguises a fortune that supposedly rivals a large share of global wealth. It is claimed they bought Reuters in the 1800s, which then bought the Associated Press, and that they “own controlling interest” in three major television networks, allowing them to avoid media attention. They allegedly owned and operated England’s Royal Mint and act as the gold agent for the Bank of England, directing it, with control over the London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) where 30 to 42,000,000 ounces of gold are traded daily, generating millions weekly from transaction fees. They are said to fix the world price of gold daily, hoard trillions of dollars worth of gold bullion, and corner the world’s gold supply. They allegedly own controlling interest in Royal Dutch Shell and run phony charities and offshore banking services to hide wealth in Vatican-linked accounts at Rothschild Swiss banks, trusts, and holding companies. A figure named Elbelein Rothschild is described as not harmless, with ancestors alleged to have handpicked presidents, crashed stock markets, bankrupted nations, orchestrated wars, and sponsored mass murder and impoverishment. The wealth is claimed to be sufficient to feed, clothe, and shelter every person on earth. - The Rothschilds are described as the head of a “snake,” with a one-mile square area in London referred to as the city, cited as the headquarters of their banking dynasty, controlling money supplied through central banks of almost every nation. - A Jekyll Island meeting in November 1910 is claimed to involved seven of the world’s richest Jewish men establishing a central bank called the Federal Reserve Bank. Named participants include Nelson Aldrich, Frank Vanderlip, Henry Davison, Charles Norton, Benjamin Strong, Paul Warburg, and representatives of the Rothschild banking dynasty, with others like Benjamin Guggenheim, Isidore Strauss, and Jacob Astor purportedly opposing it. It is claimed these opposers died on the Titanic, and that opposition dissolved by April 1912. On December 23, 1913, the Federal Reserve Act was signed, creating a privately owned Federal Reserve System. A quoted remark attributed to Woodrow Wilson alleges, “I’m a most unhappy man. I’ve unwittingly ruined my country,” and a stereotype about government by a small number of dominant men rather than free opinion. - It is claimed the Federal Reserve System is private, not federal, has no reserves, is not decentralized, and that the adoption of a debt-based monetary system was accomplished. It is asserted that the current banking system (fractional reserve banking) allows privately owned banks to create money “out of thin air,” with money existing as numbers in a computer system, only about 3% in physical currency, and that control of the Fed enables domination over banks, corporations, money, and politicians. It is claimed the Fed system enslaves humanity to perpetual debt and that the elite who own the Fed seek to maintain a monopoly over credit. - A speaker questions the proper relationship between the Fed chairman and the U.S. president, noting the Federal Reserve’s independence. - A quotation attributed to a figure named Harold Grales Rosenthal claims that Jewish power has been created through manipulating the national monetary system, that the Fed is owned by Jews while appearing as a government institution, and asserts antisemitic stereotypes about Jews as parasites and producers being exploited by Jews.

A history of central banking and the enslavement to mankind claims usury destroyed the Roman Empire after patricians gained the privilege to mint silver coinage. Julius Caesar countered usury by reducing debt, controlling the mint, and abolishing slavery for debt. The adoption of the gold standard led to the empire's demise. Constantine's tax decree to the church hastened destruction by concentrating wealth. The implosion resulted in the dark ages. King Ophah established England's monetary system, prohibiting usury. Jews arrived in 1066, practicing usury under royal protection. King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta to abolish usury. Edward I expelled the Jewish population. Tally sticks were used for government expenditures. Jews returned during Queen Elizabeth's reign, practicing fractional reserve banking. Cromwell allowed Jewish immigration in return for financial favors. William of Orange surrendered the royal prerogative to the Bank of England. Napoleon established the Banque de France, replacing private banks. He understood that money has no motherland and financiers are without patriotism. The bank was set up with a share capital of CHF30,000,000. Napoleon made the frank the most stable currency in Europe. The American colonies prospered by issuing their own money, colonial script. The Bank of England restricted this, causing economic collapse. Andrew Jackson collapsed the Second Bank of the United States. Lincoln issued debt-free treasury greenbacks. The Federal Reserve Bank was established in 1913. Tsar Alexander I refused Rothschild's central bank offer, establishing the State Bank of the Russian Empire. The Rothschilds instigated a Judeo-Bolshevik revolution, destroying the empire. The Commonwealth Bank of Australia was founded in 1912. It was established as a private bank, but operated as a state bank. World War I was instigated by Jewish bankers to destroy empires and create a Zionist state. The BIS guides the global financial system. The US Federal Reserve Bank destroyed the value of the dollar. The Great Depression was contrived by the Federal Reserve. Hitler established a state bank, the Reichsbank, which led to Germany's economic transformation. Guernsey issued debt and interest-free notes. Libya had a state-run central bank.

The banking industry's objective is not to control conflicts, but rather to control the debt that conflicts generate. They understand that the true value lies in the debt itself, as it grants them control over everything. This may be unsettling, but it is the essence of the banking industry, making nations and individuals slaves to debt. The crash of 1929, known as the Great Depression, revealed the invalidity of the economic game's rules. World War 2 further exemplified the destruction caused by nations systematically destroying each other. The resources wasted on the war could have easily fulfilled every human need. Since then, humanity has set the stage for its own extinction, wasting finite resources in the pursuit of profit and mindless consumption. The monetary powers still control the political structure, just as they did 75 years ago. It's time for a change.

The Rothschild family's wealth and influence grew significantly through government lending and bond speculation, often backing multiple sides in conflicts. Fractional reserve lending, where banks lend out more money than they have in reserves, is described as counterfeiting and grand larceny. This system, along with national debt, allows banks to control the economy and politicians. The Federal Reserve is portrayed as a private monopoly that enables banks to create money out of nothing, leading to a debt-based system. Critics argue that the Fed dominates the economics field, suppressing dissenting views through funding and control of academic journals. The media is accused of being controlled by banks due to debt, preventing them from exposing the truth about the monetary system. The solution, according to the speaker, involves stopping fractional reserve lending and reclaiming the power to create money for a public body. The current system is described as a Ponzi scheme based on ever-increasing debt, where interest cannot be repaid without taking from others or borrowing more. The key is controlling the quantity of money in the public interest, rather than allowing banks to maximize profits.

A thousand years after the death of Christ, money changers, those who loan out and manipulate the quantity of money, were active in medieval England. They were not bankers per se; the money changers generally were the goldsmiths. They were the first bankers because they started keeping other people's gold for safekeeping in their vaults. The first paper money was merely a receipt for gold left at the goldsmith. Paper money caught on because it was more convenient than carrying around a lot of heavy gold and silver coins. Eventually, goldsmiths noticed that only a small fraction of the depositors ever came in and demanded their gold at any one time. Goldsmiths started cheating on the system. They discovered that they could print more money than they had gold, and usually, no one would be the wiser. Then they could loan out this extra money and collect interest on it. This was the birth of fractional reserve banking, that is, loaning out many times more money than you have assets on deposit. So, if a thousand dollars in gold were deposited with them, they could loan out about $10,000 in paper money and draw interest payments on it, and no one would ever discover the deception. By this means, goldsmiths gradually accumulated more and more wealth and used this wealth to accumulate more and more gold. Today, this practice of loaning out more money than there are reserves is known as fractional reserve banking. Every bank in The United States is allowed to loan out at least 10 times more money than they actually have. That's why they get rich on charging, let's say, 8% interest. It's not really 8% per year, which is their income. It's 80%. That's why bank buildings are always the largest in town. But does that mean that all interest or all banking should be illegal? Hardly. In the Middle Ages, canon law, the law of the Catholic Church, forbade charging interest on loans. This concept followed the teachings of Aristotle and St. Thomas Aquinas. They taught that the purpose of money was to serve the members of society to facilitate the exchange of goods needed to lead a virtuous life. Interest, in their belief, hindered this purpose by putting an unnecessary burden on the use of money. In other words, interest was contrary to reason and justice. Reflecting Church law in the Middle Ages, Europe forbade charging interest on loans and made it a crime called usury. As commerce grew, and therefore opportunities for investment arose in the late Middle Ages, it came to be recognized that to loan money had a cost for the lender, both in risk and in lost opportunity. So some charges were allowed, but not interest per se. But all moralists, no matter what religion, condemn fraud, oppression of the poor, and injustice is clearly immoral. As we will see, fractional reserve lending is rooted in a fraud, results in widespread poverty, and reduces the value of everyone else's money. The ancient goldsmiths discovered that extra profits could be made by rowing the economy between easy money and tight money. When they made money easier to borrow, then the amount of money in circulation expanded. Money was plentiful. People took out more loans to expand their businesses. But then, the money changers would tighten the money supply. They would make loans more difficult to get. What would happen? Just what happens today. A certain percentage of people could not repay their previous loans and could not take out new loans to repay the old ones. Therefore, they went bankrupt and had to sell their assets to the goldsmiths for pennies on the dollar. The same thing is still going on today. Only today, we call this rowing of the economy up and down the business cycle. Like Julius Caesar, King Henry the first

The current monetary system is a historical "rip off" controlled by banks, causing economic problems, mounting debts, and sinking living standards. Depressions are contrived, and nations don't need debt. Banks create money as debt, deciding when and how much to produce, leading to an unsustainable system that could destroy Western civilization. This system is "legalized theft." In 1910, representatives of wealthy banking families (Rothschilds, Rockefellers, and Morgans) met secretly on Jekyll Island to draft legislation to control the money trust. They aimed to maintain the illusion of uncontrollable business cycles and establish a central bank captive to the money trust. The Rothschilds profited from national debt, manipulating nations by controlling loans. Historically, goldsmiths abused fractional reserve lending, and King Henry created tally sticks to counter this. Andrew Jackson opposed national debt and a central bank, but his return to a gold system allowed bankers to regain control. Lincoln issued greenbacks to fund the Civil War, but bankers undermined this with the National Bank Act. The Panic of 1907 was created to promote a new central bank. The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 created a private central bank, leading to the Great Depression, which the Fed deliberately worsened. The solution involves forbidding national borrowing and fractional reserve lending, and issuing debt-free sovereign currency.

Borrowing from banks leads to nations becoming dependent on loans, resulting in banks having power over them. This creates a system where banks rule instead of a sovereign democracy. This is known as plutocracy, which is a major issue in today's economies. For instance, Obama borrowed $2 trillion from big banks and gave it back to them, supposedly for lending to the public. However, this system allows banks to lend out much more money than they actually have through fractional reserve lending. The 2008 financial crisis showed that big banks were highly leveraged, and Obama even suggested eliminating reserve requirements altogether. This system allows banks to consolidate wealth and control the politics of the nation, undermining government sovereignty and public interest.

The banking industry's objective is not to control conflicts, but rather to control the debt that conflicts generate. They understand that the true value lies in the debt itself, as it grants them control over everything. This may be unsettling, but it is the essence of the banking industry, making nations and individuals slaves to debt. The crash of 1929, known as the Great Depression, revealed the invalidity of the economic game's rules. World War 2 further demonstrated how resources were wasted on destruction instead of meeting human needs. Humanity has since set the stage for its own extinction, wasting precious finite resources in the pursuit of profit and mindless consumption. The monetary powers continue to control the political structure, just as they did 75 years ago. It's time for this system to be abolished.

Jekyll Island, November 1910. Seven bankers meeting in secret to create America's central bank. We just can't call it that. We'll create money from nothing, loan it to the government, and charge interest. Every dollar we print steals value from existing dollars. If we ever get off the gold standard, governments can print money for wars. Endless wars become possible and profitable. Since Americans hate central banks, we'll call it the Federal Reserve. Not federal. No reserves. The president will appoint board members, but we'll pick who he appoints. We'll have 12 regional banks, looks decentralized, democratic even, but New York banks control them all. 12/23/1913, most of congress home for Christmas. Perfect timing for passing unpopular legislation. Every American born after this will inherit debt on money we created from nothing. Generational servitude. Good afternoon.

In 1913, the US Federal Reserve Bank was founded, owned by powerful families like the Rothschilds. The Fed's establishment led to the deaths of opponents and the subsequent control of thousands of banks. World War One began in 1914, and the Fed doubled the money supply, causing lending to increase. In 1920, the money supply shrank, resulting in 5,500 banks going bankrupt. The Fed then increased the money supply again, but on October 23, 1929, the Wall Street Crash occurred. This crash caused worldwide devastation, bankrupting 16,000 non-Fed banks. The Fed further reduced the money supply, leading to starvation. The Rothschilds manipulated the stock market, and anyone who opposed them faced consequences. In 1933, the government seized gold, removing limitations on the cabal's control. The Wall Street crash also affected Germany, leading to a deep depression and high unemployment rates. Hitler used the chaos to gain power and restrict personal liberties.

All three Abrahamic religions initially considered charging interest as immoral, but over time, usury became more accepted in Western society. Fractional reserve banking allows banks to create money out of thin air and charge interest on loans. The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 and subsequent events led to the US printing money beyond its gold reserves. To maintain world reserve currency status, the US relied on its military and engaged in wars to protect the petrodollar. The current financial system is likened to a Ponzi scheme, with markets crashing and the derivatives market being worth more than the world's financial assets. The collapse of this system is imminent, and the future banking system should prioritize serving the people.

All three Abrahamic religions initially considered charging interest as immoral, but over time, usury became more accepted in Western society. Fractional reserve banking allows banks to create money out of thin air and charge interest on loans. The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 and the Emergency Banking Act of 1933 further increased debt, while the banking cartel funded both World Wars. The US turned to its military and the petrodollar to maintain world reserve currency status. However, this Ponzi scheme is collapsing, with crashing markets and a quadrillion-dollar derivatives market. The banking cartel aims to convert everyone to an authoritarian CBDC, but without trust, they will face challenges. Hard times are approaching, and it is suggested to prepare and create a banking system that serves the people.

The House of Rothschild financed the American Civil War, profiting from both sides. They also funded wars and crises throughout history, taking advantage of the resulting debts to install central banks. In 1913, the privately owned Federal Reserve was established, benefiting the wealthy rather than the American people. The Rothschilds continued to finance both sides of World War I, leading to the collapse of several empires. Their actions bring us closer to a one world government.

A central bank is an institution that issues and regulates a nation's currency. It controls interest rates and the money supply. The central bank loans money to the government with interest. This system creates debt because every dollar produced is actually the dollar plus a certain percentage of debt. The banking system has a monopoly on currency production and continually increases the money supply to cover the outstanding debt. This perpetuates more debt and creates a cycle of slavery. In the early 20th century, powerful banking families like the Rockefellers and Rothschilds pushed for the creation of another central bank. They used an incident orchestrated by JP Morgan to sway public opinion.

The Federal Reserve has destabilized the economy, acting as both arsonist and fireman through monetary manipulation. Fractional reserve banking allows banks to create money, leading to risks of insolvency. Central banks, like the Fed, enable governments to spend beyond their means, creating a "fiscal illusion." The gold standard restrained government spending, but the 1913 Federal Reserve Act established the Fed, promising to maintain it. The Fed was intended to be a lender of last resort to prevent bank failures. The Federal Open Market Committee makes interest rate policy, influencing the money supply. The Austrian business cycle theory suggests credit expansion leads to unsustainable booms and busts. Removing the dollar from the gold standard in 1971 led to fiat currency, causing economic uncertainty and stagflation. The Fed's policies create winners and losers, benefiting the government, large corporations, and political elites, while harming the average working American. Financialization has exploded since the gold standard ended, with Wall Street banks empowered by the Fed. The Fed's low interest rates inflated the housing bubble in the early 2000s. The 2008 crisis led to new Fed interventions, including buying mortgage-backed securities. The Fed's actions have resulted in an "everything bubble" of inflation, redistributing wealth from the middle class to Wall Street and Silicon Valley. A Fed-controlled digital currency could magnify its power, enabling control over spending. Some argue for ending the Fed, advocating for sound money, a return to the gold standard, and a free market approach to currency.

Central banks caused wealth inequality and economic instability. The Federal Reserve Act was deceptively passed in 1913 by wealthy bankers who disguised their intentions. They used misinformation to deceive the public and Congress, ultimately gaining a monopoly over American money issuance.

The modern banking system creates currency faster than nature. Politicians create deficit spending, which is paid for by Treasury bonds (IOUs). Banks buy these bonds and sell them to the Federal Reserve at a profit. The Federal Reserve creates currency by writing checks on accounts with zero balance, giving the currency to banks, who then buy more bonds. The Treasury deposits this currency, and the government spends it. When currency is deposited in banks, it is loaned out through fractional reserve lending, expanding the currency supply. 92-96% of all currency is created by the banking system, leading to inflation. Taxes are used to pay interest on bonds the Federal Reserve bought with essentially nothing. The system requires ever-increasing debt and will eventually collapse. The Federal Reserve is a private corporation owned by banks, who profit through interest and dividends. The system funnels wealth to the government and banking sector, causing economic booms and busts and wealth disparity. The solution is to understand the system, share the knowledge, and join the conversation to design a new monetary system.

The eternal god wouldn't let bankers win. Independence requires choosing between economy and liberty or profusion and servitude. Public debt is dangerous. Every generation should pay its debts. A central bank was needed for financial security. Private banks controlling money leads to loss of property. Attempts at central banks failed. In 1910, a secret meeting planned the Federal Reserve. The Fed now prints money, putting the country in debt. Taxes and inflation steal wealth. JFK tried to dismantle the Fed but was assassinated. Since then, presidents haven't challenged the banks, causing wealth destruction for many.

A history of central banking and the enslavement of mankind claims usury destroyed the Roman Empire after patricians gained the privilege to mint silver coinage. Julius Caesar countered usury by reducing debt, controlling the mint, and abolishing slavery for debt. After Caesar's death, the adoption of the gold standard led to the empire's demise. The church's wealth concentration and usury contributed to Rome's economic ruin. King Alpha of Mercia established England's first monetary system and prohibited usury. Jews arrived in England in 1066 and practiced usury under royal protection. King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta to abolish usury. Edward I expelled the Jewish population in 1290. England enjoyed prosperity using tally sticks for government expenditure. The Bank of England was established in 1694 to lend to the crown at 8% interest. Napoleon established the Banque de France in 1800, replacing private banks. He opposed loans and aimed for financial independence. The Bank of England financed wars against France. Benjamin Franklin said the American colonies prospered by issuing their own money. The Bank of England restricted this, causing economic collapse. Andrew Jackson opposed the central bank. Lincoln issued debt-free treasury greenbacks. The United States Federal Reserve Bank was established in 1913. Tsar Alexander I refused Rothschild's offer to set up a central bank in Russia. The State Bank of the Russian Empire was founded in 1860. The Rothschilds instigated the Judeo-Bolshevik revolution in 1917. Montagu Norman, governor of the Bank of England, advocated for central banks independent of governments. The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) was established in 1930. Adolf Hitler established a state bank in Germany, leading to economic growth. Germany's Reichsbank became an authentic state bank in January 1939. North Dakota has a state bank that contributes to its financial viability. Guernsey issued interest-free notes, leading to prosperity. Libya, under Gaddafi, had a state-run central bank and no national debt. Banking crises are linked to central banking and usury. The US Federal Reserve Bank caused the Great Depression. The 2007 banking crisis was caused by deregulation and innovative financial products. Clifford Hugh Douglas advocated for a national dividend and state control of money creation. Irving Fisher supported state money creation and full-reserve banking.