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Zengdi initially worked on the original SAS and later discovered a cave with various viruses, including bits of the Saswan virus. She spent three years researching bat coronaviruses in the Mojang mine shaft and collected around 22,000 samples, which were brought to Wuhan. The database maintained by the Wuhan Institute of Virology went offline in September 2019, raising suspicions about the pandemic's timeline. The virus was previously known as 4 991 and was deposited by Zhengli Shi in 2013. The virus originated from a mine infested with bats, where six miners contracted pneumonia. The connection between Yunnan and Wuhan became clear, leading to investigations into how the Horseshoe bat viruses reached Wuhan. The WHO's investigation focused more on zoonotic origins and lacked depth in exploring the lab origin theory. The United States and India have expressed support for further investigation into the lab origin.

We have been studying epidemics for about forty years, particularly looking at the issue of legislation. Working with animals, such as chickens with bronchitis caused by coronavirus, has been somewhat simpler. Despite thirty years of trying various vaccines, we have not been able to control it effectively. So, why is it that we suddenly find a solution for humans when we have struggled to find one for the flu? How can we achieve this?

We need to be proactive in searching for emerging diseases before they become a global threat. Peter Daszak, who collaborated with the Wuhan Institute of Virology, discovered 50 previously unknown Coronaviruses in bats. These Coronaviruses have the potential to jump from wildlife to humans. Our organization works with labs worldwide, subcontracting the work and ensuring we have a country program officer in each location to manage our projects.

Concerning research from China was published last week. Researchers took a virus from pangolins and cultured it in a lab. They then infected mice with this virus, which killed all of them through brain infection. These mice were transgenic, meaning they had human ACE receptor genes. The virus, a coronavirus from pangolins, killed all the infected mice. This kind of experimentation is dangerous and should be banned immediately.

In 2019, preparations began for a new pandemic by searching for viruses globally. The aim was to create crisis situations for global management, rather than being limited to the United States or specific technologies.

The speaker discusses the global wildlife trade and its connection to the emergence of new diseases. They focus on SARS and how it originated from a wildlife market. Through surveillance of bats in Southern China, they have discovered over 100 new SARS-related coronaviruses that pose a threat to humans. Some of these coronaviruses can infect human cells and cause SARS-like disease. The speaker emphasizes the need for continued surveillance and understanding of these spillover events, as any one of them could potentially lead to a pandemic. They also mention the challenges in developing vaccines and antivirals for these diverse coronaviruses.

Scientists are working with dangerous pathogens to find cures, but accidents are common. Incidents like holes in protective gear, escaped infected animals, and missing pathogens have occurred. Even top labs are not immune to safety breaches. Lab accidents can lead to outbreaks, like SARS and foot and mouth disease. Despite safety measures, accidents happen regularly, mostly affecting lab workers. While rare, lab accidents can have public health consequences. Outbreaks linked to labs, like a reemerging flu strain, highlight the importance of lab safety.

We created coronaviruses by assembling a synthetic bat genome with the SARS clone. The genome was split into 5 kilobyte pieces with unique restriction sites to allow directional assembly. Initially, the virus couldn't replicate due to an entry defect, so we replaced the receptor binding domain with one from the human epidemic strain. This modification resulted in a virus that replicated efficiently. The growth curve data supported this success.

During the early stages of the pandemic, a group of virologists were consulted by the NIH. Some believed that the virus could not have occurred naturally, while others thought it was a 50/50 chance between a lab or natural origin. However, only one narrative was publicly discussed. Later, a paper titled "Proximal Origins of the SARS CoV-two Virus" was released, claiming that the virus was natural. This paper referenced a 2014 article about a 2020 outbreak, which seemed odd considering the years in between. Additionally, a grant proposal called the "diffuse grant proposal" was discovered, stating that experiments were being conducted to test the infectivity of similar viruses and even insert a furin cleavage site, which is present in the virus causing the pandemic. These findings raise concerns about the origins of the virus.

Chinese virus hunters were captured on video by CCTV in December 2019, around the time Wuhan patients showed pneumonia symptoms. The footage shows a scientist exploring a cave with bats. Speculation arises if this is connected to the pandemic, but China's lack of transparency leaves unanswered questions about the researchers' activities.

All countries experiencing H5 outbreaks in animals are urged to share viral samples and sequences with the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRIS).

The data hasn't been shared because the virus wasn't isolated. Live animal samples testing positive don't provide useful information. It seems the source of the virus is not what we initially believed.

Mammals, including minks, otters, foxes, and sea lions, have been infected with H5N1 avian influenza. WHO is monitoring closely as the virus spreads from wild birds and poultry. The risk to humans is currently low, but we must be prepared for any changes. WHO is working with national authorities and partners to study human cases and ensure vaccine and antiviral supplies are available globally. Translation (if needed): Mammals like minks, otters, foxes, and sea lions have caught H5N1 avian flu. WHO is watching closely as it spreads from birds and poultry. The risk to people is low, but we need to be ready for any changes. WHO is collaborating with countries and partners to research human cases and ensure vaccines and antivirals are ready worldwide.

DARPA rejected a risky grant proposal to create a bat vaccine by spraying a live coronavirus in a cave. The plan involved infecting bats with the virus on sticky particles for self-vaccination. The potential consequences of releasing a live virus in a cave with millions of bats were concerning.

Chinese researchers have created a super virus by combining a protein from bats with the SARS virus found in mice. This virus could potentially infect humans, although it is currently only being studied in laboratories. The debate over the risks of this research is not new, with some scientists arguing that the benefits outweigh the potential dangers. However, others are concerned about the possibility of the virus directly infecting humans without an intermediate species. The US government had previously suspended funding for research aiming to make viruses more contagious, but this did not stop the Chinese research on SARS. Some experts believe the chances of the virus spreading to humans are minimal compared to the potential benefits, while others disagree.

In March 2019, 30 vials of deadly viruses were sent from Canada to China, leading to the arrest of 3 Chinese scientists. In December 2019, the Nipah virus was found in patient samples in Wuhan, where it was being cloned. This virus is highly lethal, posing a serious threat.

Scientists sequence the virus and compare it to known pathogens like SARS. They discovered similar coronaviruses in bats and focused on the spike protein that attaches to cells. Chinese researchers created pseudoparticles with spike proteins from these viruses to test their binding to human cells. Each step of this process helps determine if the virus can become pathogenic in humans. Manipulating the spike protein in the lab is crucial for understanding the zoonotic risk. By obtaining the sequence, scientists can predict the virus's behavior more accurately.

We decided to write a summary statement, and the next day, my colleague at the University of Hong Kong, Tommy Lam, sent me a sequence from a pangolin that was closely related to SARS-CoV-2. The receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 appeared unique, but the same sequence was found in the pangolin, suggesting a natural origin. Initially, I believed there was a 60-40 chance of a lab leak, which later shifted to 80-20 for a brief period. However, I quickly changed my mind based on new evidence.

In 2015, the National Library of Medicine published a study by 15 virologists and medical experts warning that SARS-like bat coronaviruses pose a potential threat to humans. The scientists, with decades of experience in studying coronaviruses, examined how SARS and MERS transmitted among humans. They modified a strain of coronavirus from Chinese horseshoe bats using gain of function technology and injected it into mice spinal cords. This study not only highlights the dangers of coronaviruses in bats but also demonstrates efforts to amplify the virus's contagion ability to better understand and prepare for future outbreaks.

Evolutionary virologists analyzed viral sequences from the current outbreak and in bats. They determined that the mutations required for the virus to jump from an animal to a human are entirely consistent with its evolutionary path. A paper detailing this research will be made available, although the authors are not currently named.

In South America and Southeast Asia, there are many bat species carrying unknown viruses, making them potential sources of future pandemics. The USAID EPT predict program and NIAID funding allowed researchers to predict and prepare for emergencies like the SARS outbreak. They discovered that SARS-like viruses originate from bats in China, with some being almost identical to SARS. Surveillance of bat hunters and nearby residents revealed the potential for spillover into human populations. While there are no vaccines or antivirals for these diverse coronaviruses, scientists can manipulate them in the lab by studying their spike proteins. This knowledge can aid in the development of better vaccines and therapeutics. However, predicting and anticipating pandemics does not guarantee prevention.

Researchers have discovered various coronaviruses in bats, including ones similar to SARS. They focused on the spike protein, which attaches to cells, and conducted experiments in China. By inserting spike proteins from these viruses into pseudoparticles, they tested their ability to bind to human cells. This process allowed them to understand the potential pathogenicity of the virus in humans.

We focus on viral families that have transmitted from animals to humans. When we find a virus that resembles a known dangerous pathogen, like SARS, we examine its spike protein, which attaches to cells. Chinese researchers create pseudo particles with these spike proteins to test if they bind to human cells. This process helps us identify viruses that could potentially be harmful to humans. By narrowing down the field and reducing costs, we end up with a small number of viruses that appear to be dangerous. We then investigate if people living in the same region as the animals carrying these viruses have developed antibodies.

Researchers have been working on making bird flu more contagious for humans through gain of function research. The virus mainly infects chickens and sometimes cattle. Chinese vaccination efforts in the 90s may have worsened the situation. The current strain, H5N1 avian influenza, has caused around 800-900 human cases with a high mortality rate in Southeast Asia. Recent US cases were easily treated. The virus is not a significant threat unless it starts spreading human to human. The recent strain may have originated from experiments on mallard ducks in Georgia, leading to its spread across states. The media has not questioned this spread caused by migratory waterfowl.

An investigation into the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under Dr. Anthony Fauci's leadership reveals potentially unlawful actions. In 2018, the NIH infected 12 bats with a SARS-like virus called WIV one at a Montana lab. The virus was obtained from the Wuhan lab suspected to be the source of COVID-19. The experiment aimed to determine if the virus would cause infection in bats, but the research found limited evidence of replication. US taxpayer money was used for these experiments, with at least 7 US entities providing NIH grant money to labs in China. The investigation was brought to light by the White Coat Waste Project, which aims to stop funding dangerous animal experiments. They are now using the Freedom of Information Act to request more details.