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The video discusses the involvement of Jewish brokers in the Arab slave trade, questioning their role in financing voyages and caravans for slave trading. The speaker highlights the presence of Jewish brokers in towns like Damascus and Baghdad, as well as in Europe. The speaker also mentions the Jewish involvement in the slave trade in places like Amsterdam, Lisbon, and Bristol. Another speaker expresses disbelief at how Jews could be involved in the slave trade despite their reputation for making money honestly.

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The transcript claims that Jews in Spain conspired with Arabs to overthrow the Visigothic monarchy and aided the Moorish conquest. Despite acts of "bad faith," they prospered, but resentment grew as they were not subject to canon law and allegedly engaged in subversive activities, especially usury. Christians were forbidden from lending with interest, granting Jews a monopoly. Popular resentment led to violence, culminating in the riots of 1391, resulting in mass forced conversions. These "conversos" were viewed with suspicion, accused of maintaining Jewish practices and gaining undue influence. By the 1440s, conversos allegedly controlled a large portion of indirect taxes. Some conversos were said to have sailed for Constantinople to aid the Turks against Christian Europe. Ferdinand and Isabella established the Inquisition to address the perceived threat of Jews and Judaizers. In 1492, they issued an edict expelling Jews from Spain, claiming total separation was the only solution. The transcript suggests that unchecked Jewish influence, as seen in Poland, led to decline, while Spain saved itself through the Inquisition and expulsion. Expelled Jews, particularly conversos, then established a mercantile network centered in Antwerp, engaging in espionage and supporting anti-Spanish forces, thus taking "revenge" on Spain.

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Jews were heavily involved in the slave trade, with up to 80% of slave owners being Jewish. They owned most slave ships and conducted auctions. Pope Alexander VI, a Jewish pope, signed the doctrine of discovery, legalizing colonialism and the transatlantic slave trade. Columbus, funded by Jewish individuals, discovered the Americas, where indigenous people were initially considered people until the papal bull declared them heathens for political reasons.

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First of all, his name was Cristobal Colon. Why would they change his name? Could it be because the last name Colon has Jewish roots in Italy? There is, in fact, compelling evidence that Christopher was a hidden Jew practicing in private and conducting a master plan. The Jews who refused to convert to Christianity lost their homes. 04/29/1490 it was publicly announced of the expulsions of the Jews from Spain. And it's no secret that he consulted with Jewish astrologers to come up with the route that he would take. Did Christopher Columbus pull a fast one on the Catholic church? I am not the first admiral of my family. Let them give me whatever name they please. I am a servant of the same lord who raised him to such dignity.

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Speaker 0 repeats the line: "You can run on for a long time. Run on for a long time. Run on for a long time. Sooner or later, gotta put you down." Speaker 1 recounts that "the Arab slave trader brought his African merchandise to a broker in a large town who put them up for sale in the slave market." He notes that among the many brokers in the Arab world, there were some brokers who don't like to be remembered in The United States Of America—these were the Jewish brokers who were in great towns such as Damascus and Baghdad. He adds, "Yes. Amen." Speaker 1 continues with a reflection on "what a lot of trouble professor Jeffries got into," and remarks that all he talked about was "a Jew, old Jew over there in Newport, Rhode Island." He then expands the scope: "But what about the Jews of Amsterdam? The Jews of Lisbon? The Jews of Cadiz? The Jews of Toulouse? The Jews of Bristol, the great slave port of England, Bristol," because Bristol is where the great voyages were planned. He explains that Bristol was the place where people financed ships and sent them out on three-month voyages to fetch slaves across, describing who had "the money to put those ships on the sea," to finance "these huge caravans" and to carry out the slave trade. Speaker 1 then asks, "Who were the great merchants of the Middle East? Who were the great merchants of Europe? And some of brothers and sisters, who were they? Jews." He concludes that Jews were involved in the slave trade and questions how they "weren't in the slave trade," asserting that they "never cared about how they turned an honest dollar," and that from their point of view, "it's an honest dollar," even though they are "lamenting the fact now and denying it."

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The speaker discusses entitlement to a homeland and the beliefs of Orthodox Jews regarding exile and punishment. They state that “none of these Jews, Zionists, whoever's on board, I'm not sure who's who, acknowledge that, in fact, Orthodox Jews don't believe, and I can readily acknowledge that the Jewish people are not entitled to a homeland because they're supposed to live in exile because they broke the covenant with God many times. So that's their punishment, and that's what's in their text.” They emphasize that the belief is “very simple” and reject the idea that the issue is complicated. They note that not all Jews were exiled from ancient Israel, with some remaining, some exiled, and some converting to Christianity or Islam. The speaker then brings in a point about historical coexistence. They reference Tom, acknowledging that Jews did lead peace peacefully in Muslim countries such as Morocco, and “also under the Islamic caliphate, the empire actually for what, eight centuries in Spain, where Jews, Muslims, and Christians lived peacefully and thrived.” They describe this period as a time when “there were amazing scientific discoveries that happened then. There was amazing philosophy. There was amazing literature works that were created from it. It was a beautiful time for everybody. We all lived in harmony.” The narrative continues to contrast this harmony with a later development. They state, “And then what happened? Well, I think we already know what happened.” They attribute the change to the arrival of “the Christians” and then reference “the Christian fundamentalists, the radicals” who came and wrote, implying a disruption or end to that era of coexistence. In summary, the speaker presents a sequence: (1) Orthodox Jewish belief that Jews are not entitled to a homeland due to covenant-breaking, viewed as a straightforward issue; (2) acknowledgment that not all Jews were exiled, with variations including those who remained, were exiled, or converted; (3) recognition of a historical period of peaceful coexistence among Jews, Muslims, and Christians under Islamic rule in places like Morocco and medieval Spain, accompanied by significant scientific, philosophical, and literary achievements; (4) a claim that Christian fundamentalists and radicals later ended that harmony, marking a shift from the prior era.

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Jewish historians reveal a history of Jewish involvement in the slave trade, with auctions closing on Jewish holidays. Jews dominated the slave trade for centuries in the Western world, dating back to Roman times. The Roman Jews relied on slavery for income, while Charlemagne and Pope Gelasius allowed Jewish involvement in the slave trade. Throughout history, Jews were prominent slave dealers in European society, with higher slave holdings per capita than non-Jews. This information is documented in various Jewish historical sources.

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The speaker revisits the notion of Jewish involvement in human sacrifice, challenging the common assumption that the Abraham-and-Isaac episode ended all such practices for Jews. The argument presented is that evidence suggests human sacrifice was sometimes practiced by Jews in ancient and medieval times, including children burned in pits called toffet, with drums used to muffle cries, particularly among Jews in Carthage around three hundred years before Christ who worshipped Baal. The speaker notes that similar reports persist in various periods and places, including assertions that during a battle in Syracuse nearly five hundred children were thrown into a burning toffet as an offering to Baal, and that children were placed in the arms of a bronze bull with a furnace below and then burned. The term holocaust is invoked as describing the act, with the speaker claiming that, in older dictionaries, holocaust referred to the burning of children as sacrifice to deities, though modern usage has shifted. Ancient historians such as Apion, Democritus, and Poseidonius are cited as describing Jewish ritual murder. Appian allegedly reported in 168 BCE that an intended victim, an adult, was found at a Jewish temple and that a ritual was enacted annually involving kidnapping a Greek foreigner, slaying him, consuming his flesh, and swearing hostility against the Greeks, with remains cast into a pit. Flavius Josephus is contrasted with Appian; Thackeray’s translation of Josephus recounts a Greek man abducted and brought to the temple, who explains a “one unutterable law of the Jews” involving kidnapping, ritual slaughter, and blood use. The account claims numerous later authorities described ritual murder of Christians during Purim, including Socrates Scholasticus and Baronius. It mentions a Gentile child crucified or slain by Jews in various chronicles (Imistar, Kiev, Treviso, Magdeburg, and England), with specific cases: a boy named William in England (documented by Thomas of Monmouth), whose blood supposedly produced miraculous effects; the boy’s murder was cited as a crusading cause against Jewish communities, culminating in William’s canonization as a saint. The speaker cites Thomas’s Latin account, later translated, of abduction, torture, and the bribes given to sheriffs, and claims William’s case helped alert English parents. The narrative continues with the notion that a converted Jew, Theobald of Cambridge, confessed that Jews took blood annually from Christians to obtain freedom and return to Palestine, with lots drawn to determine the blood source. Other cases cited include a December incident in Kissingen, Bavaria; Hugh in London; Isaac de Pouley in Oxford; Trent in 1475 (Simon), where children were punctured with marks, circumcision mentioned, and a saintly martyrdom recorded by Beatus Andreas. Luther’s remarks on “the Jews and their lies” are cited, noting accusations of poisoning wells and mutilation. Additional episodes include Christopher in 1492 Spain and Isabella I’s edict expelling Jews (with later reconsideration in 1967), Prague in 1502, Pona in Lithuania 1574, Lublin and Kutnia in 1598, and broader counts by Montague Summers and others of hundreds of alleged historic ritual murders and the use of blood for magical purposes. The speaker ties these anecdotes to a pattern of medieval and early modern allegations of ritual murder against Jews, asserted across multiple cities and centuries.

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In 1492, the expulsion of 200,000 Jews from Spain led some to seek revenge as pirates. Sinan Reyes, "the Great Jew," served as second in command to Barbarossa, attacking Spanish ships. His son was once kidnapped by King Charles V, but Red Beard rescued him. Moses Cohen Henriques masterminded the capture of the Spanish Silver Fleet in 1628 with pirate Pete Hain, amassing treasure worth over $1 billion today. Henriques established his own pirate island and continued raiding. Yakov Curiel, a converso Jew, repented from piracy and became the first Baal Teshuvah pirate, settling in Safed. A "pirate rabbi" terrorized Spanish ships, using loot to found a Sephardic community in Amsterdam and keeping kosher at sea. Jewish pirates partnered with non-Jewish pirates, resulting in cultural crossovers like Hebrew treasure maps and ships named Queen Esther. They fought the Spanish, shared naval secrets, and built trade networks. While some scholars debate the term "Jewish pirates," Jews were involved in illegal trade and raids against the Spanish Empire, influencing leading pirates and resisting oppression.

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For centuries, Europeans and Jews have struggled to coexist, with Jews being expelled from over 100 nations. They were granted full rights but allegedly exploited and corrupted host nations, leading to conflicts. Jewish supremacists often attribute these issues to antisemitism.

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Jews expelled from Portugal due to the Inquisition migrated to Amsterdam because the king welcomed them for the commerce they brought. The Portuguese synagogue in Amsterdam, built by shipwrights and still lit by candles, remains a popular site. Amsterdam connects to New Amsterdam, later New York. Peter Stuyvesant initially resisted Jewish entry, but the Jewish-owned company financing New Amsterdam ordered him to allow them in, marking the arrival of the first Jews in New York.

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In Christian nations, lending money for interest was illegal, so Jews became the lenders. They charged interest and eventually owned everything. Kings would then round them up and kick them out of the country. This cycle repeated for centuries, as Jews would go to the next country and start lending again. Compound interest was seen as a powerful force that could enslave people, which is why it was illegal. Today, credit card and student loan interest continue to enslave people. The start of modern banking in Italy saw 80% of the land owned by 20% of the families, with a significant Jewish population.

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In Christian nations, usury (charging interest) was illegal, so Jews became money lenders. Over time, they owned everything, leading to expulsion by kings. This cycle repeated for centuries, as kings feared Jews' financial power. Napoleon warned of compound interest's ability to consume property. Today, credit card and student loan interest enslave people, replacing physical slavery with debt slavery.

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Jewish historians have documented the involvement of Jews in the slave trade on the American continent. They reveal that Jewish buyers dominated slave auctions, often purchasing slaves at low prices due to lack of competition. This history of Jewish involvement in the slave trade extends back to Roman times, where Jews played a significant role as slave dealers. Jewish Encyclopedia and other sources confirm the Jewish control of commerce, including the slave trade, during the Middle Ages. These historical records shed light on a lesser-known aspect of Jewish history.

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A speaker discusses a new book titled Tiny Hat Selling the Slaves, asserting that it reveals information not covered in mainstream sources. The speaker claims the book shows rabbis, referred to as “tiny hats,” were involved in selling slaves and running slave auctions, with pages detailing auctions and slave sales conducted by rabbis. Key claims highlighted include: - The term layaway originated from rabbis selling slaves. - Jacob Cohen owned a plantation and was described as the president of the synagogue, with the assertion that plantations were run by the “tiny hats.” - Charleston in 1825 is identified as the original center of the slave marts, with ownership of the merchants and ships attributed to these groups. - Charleston’s “tiny hat slave traders” are cited, with claims that because the tiny hats supposedly owned newspapers, they could control runaway slave ads and also supposedly owned the police, implying they controlled both sides of fugitive ads. - The speaker asserts that only two people spoke up about this hidden history, suggesting widespread suppression or omission. - The discussion extends to Christopher Columbus, linking the presented narrative to a broader explanation of who Columbus was and to claims that “tiny hats” or “charsarians” were expelled from various countries as a result. - The overall narrative is presented as revealing a hidden or suppressed history of Jewish involvement in the slave trade, and the speaker asserts that understanding these points clarifies why certain groups were expelled and how power was exercised in historical contexts. The speaker emphasizes that the information is sourced from the book and suggests readers verify through research, including references to Charleston in 1825, the role of rabbis in plantations and slave markets, and the alleged control of media and police by those groups. The overall framing is that this perspective explains historical events and expulsions by attributing significant power and influence to the so-called “tiny hats.”

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Jewish involvement in the African slave trade predates the transatlantic slave trade by around 1000 years. The transatlantic slave trade began in 1441 when Portuguese sailors kidnapped Africans and brought them to Europe. Africans were then taken to the Caribbean in 1502, where the transatlantic slave trade started. The Hamitic myth, also known as the curse of Ham story, provided intellectual justification for the slave trade, allowing people to rationalize their actions.

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Arab slave traders brought African slaves to brokers in towns like Damascus and Baghdad. Some of these brokers were Jewish and played a significant role in the slave trade. Professor Jeffries faced criticism for focusing only on a Jewish broker in Newport, Rhode Island, while ignoring the involvement of Jews in Amsterdam, Lisbon, Chadid, Toulouse, Marseille, and Bristol. These Jewish merchants had the financial means to finance voyages and caravans for slave trading. While they may have considered it an honest business, they are now regretful of their involvement.

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Arab slave traders sold African slaves to brokers, including Jewish brokers in towns like Damascus and Baghdad. Professor Jeffries faced backlash for mentioning Jewish involvement in the slave trade, focusing on Newport, Rhode Island. However, Jews in Amsterdam, Lisbon, Cadiz, Toulouse, Marseille, and Bristol were also significant in financing voyages and caravans for the slave trade. Despite their denial, these Jewish merchants played a role in the slave trade.

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Usury is illegal. In Christian nations, lending money for an interest rate was illegal. Because it was illegal, who did the lending? The Jews. So there was Christians who could lend for 0% or didn't lend at all. And then these people called the Jews would come over and start lending money. They would start charging money. And in a couple generations, guess what would happen to the economy? The Jews owned everything, and then guess what the king did? Rounded them up and threw them out of the country. This went on for thousands of years. This is why the Jews in history have had no country, because the king would have it, it would say no usury, no money lending, and they would start the money lending, they would start the central bank, compete with the king. There is a reason why it was illegal.

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Jewish historians reveal a hidden history of Jewish involvement in the slave trade in the Americas and Europe for over 2000 years. Records show Jews dominated the slave trade in the Western world, even back to Roman times. They were major slave dealers in European society and controlled commerce, including the slave trade, in the Middle Ages. Jewish Encyclopedia and other sources confirm Jews' significant role in the slave trade, with higher per capita slave holdings than non-Jews. This history is often overlooked or suppressed.

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Europeans and Jews have a long history of conflict, with Jews being expelled from many nations. They were accused of exploiting and corrupting host nations, leading to their expulsion. Jewish supremacists often blame antisemitism for these conflicts.

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Jewish historians reveal a hidden history of Jewish involvement in the slave trade, dominating auctions in the Americas and Europe for centuries. Records show Jews as main buyers, even postponing auctions on Jewish holidays. From Roman times to the Middle Ages, Jews were major players in the slave trade, with higher slave holdings than non-Jews. This history, carefully documented but often unknown, sheds light on a controversial aspect of Jewish involvement in commerce throughout history.

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Portuguese Jews played a role in starting, financing, and profiting from the Transatlantic slave trade. Colonialism and slavery centered around families from Zealand and Amsterdam, operating through private companies like the Dutch East India Company. Sephardi Jews, descendants of Portuguese immigrants in Antwerp, migrated to Zealand and later Amsterdam and Suriname. They introduced "living ebony" (slaves), competing with local traders. Slave trade had been a hallmark of European Jewry, predating Northern Europeans in Africa. Jews founded the West Indian Company (WIC), introducing black slave ownership in Dutch provinces. By the late 16th century, they established a slave market in Liverpool. In 1596, a ship arrived in Middelburg with West African slaves, but the mayor initially shut down the market, declaring humans could not be property. The WIC continued the trade, disregarding Dutch laws. By 1650, a criminal elite profited from slavery, including white political dissidents and Irishmen. Sephardi Jews set up a distribution center in the Dutch Antilles. By 1760, they controlled about 9% of the slave trade. Meanwhile, slavers in the Mediterranean, including the "pirate rabbi" Samuel Palaci, enslaved Europeans, who faced harsh conditions.

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For centuries, Christians were not allowed to lend money with interest, so Jews took on this role. Over time, the Jews ended up owning everything, leading kings to expel them from their countries. This pattern repeated for thousands of years, as the Jews would move to a new country and face the same fate. Compound interest was seen as a powerful force that could consume all property, which is why it was illegal in Christian nations. Nowadays, we have debt slavery, where people are burdened with repaying borrowed money plus interest. In Italy, economist Pareto observed that 80% of the land was owned by 20% of the families, and this coincided with the rise of modern banking and the exchange of gold for notes by the Jewish population.

Conversations with Tyler

Noel Johnson and Mark Koyama on *Persecution and Toleration* | Conversations with Tyler
Guests: Noel Johnson, Mark Koyama
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In this episode of *Conversations with Tyler*, hosts Tyler Cowen, Noel Johnson, and Mark Koyama discuss their book, *Persecution and Toleration: The Long Road to Religious Freedom*. They explore the evolution of anti-Semitism from the Renaissance to modern times, noting that while anti-Semitism increased during the Renaissance, it was not as prevalent in earlier periods due to Jews fulfilling economic roles, such as money lending. As state power grew, so did tensions and persecution against minority groups. Johnson outlines three phases of identity categorization in Europe, where Jews were initially tolerated due to their economic contributions. However, as states expanded and sought to consolidate power, this led to increased persecution. They discuss how scapegoating minorities can serve as a political tool for leaders to gain favor with powerful groups, exemplified by the expulsion of Jews from England in 1290 amidst noble discontent. The conversation also touches on the impact of the Black Death, which shifted labor dynamics and increased bargaining power for peasants, leading to changes in social structures. They compare the experiences of Jews in Poland, where weak state authority allowed for relative tolerance, to the persecution faced in stronger states. Koyama emphasizes that technological advancements, such as the printing press, played a role in shaping religious identities and intolerance during the Renaissance. They conclude by discussing the relationship between state power and tolerance, suggesting that strong states can both suppress and promote religious freedom, depending on their commitment to liberal values. The discussion reflects on historical patterns of tolerance and persecution, drawing connections to contemporary issues of religious freedom and state authority.
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