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The first two 5-year plans in the Soviet Union were designed by American corporations. The New Economic Policy, initiated by Lenin in 1923, saw Russian industries rebuilt or restarted by foreign corporations, including German, British, French, and American companies. By 1928, Russia had regained its industrial output and began implementing grandiose 5-year plans. The Russian Government Planning Commission, GOS Plan, initially designed the 5-year plans, but American corporations were brought in to assist. American industry provided technology, finance, and materials, ultimately aiding Hitler in creating his war machine. It is worth noting that April Harriman, a member of the Pilgrim Society, served as a de facto dictator of Russia from 1942 to 1944 during Stalin's nervous breakdown, while officially being the US Ambassador to Russia.