reSee.it - Tweets Saved By @bryan_johnson

@bryan_johnson - Bryan Johnson

Bad news #1: I have an autoimmune disease. My stomach is eating itself. Bad news #2: 2–5% of people have this, too. Likely more, because it hides. Good news: I'm going to try and solve it. Will share all. As a kid, I ate sugar cereal, drank sugary soda, and gobbled down fast food. I had a few healthy years in my early 20s but then became a young father of three and began building a business. Juggling that stress and grind, I let my health slip and gained 40 lbs. Within a few years I’d fallen into a deep, chronic depression. Somewhere in that timeline, my body began developing an autoimmune process affecting my thyroid and then my stomach lining. It’s called Autoimmune Gastritis (AIG). My hypothyroidism got diagnosed when I was 21 years old with a routine blood draw. That enabled me to begin proactive management, supplementing levothyroxine and Armour Thyroid. They are the hormones my body should be producing on its own but wasn’t. By taking these pills daily, my body was able to operate as though my thyroid was functioning properly. What I didn’t know was that something else was going on inside my body: my stomach had begun attacking itself. But there was no routine test to find out and I didn’t have any symptoms. I just discovered it in May. I'm unsure how long I've had it. AIG causes irreversible damage: nutritional deficiency, anemia, and over a long horizon, elevated cancer risk. When AIG is discovered today, standard medical care concedes defeat, stating that nothing can be done except managing the condition, no matter how awful or lethal the effects. Looking back over the past few years, I can now see the early signals we were picking up in measurement but hadn’t connected the dots. For 11 years, I’ve had low ferritin, without anemia. We continually tried to raise my iron levels with food and supplementation but nothing would work. We chased the obvious solutions first. A plant-based diet means all my iron is the hard-to-absorb, non-heme kind. Hard training, sauna, and hyperbaric oxygen all raise the body's demand for iron. But none of them explained the core failure: despite me taking iron orally, trialing every formulation, and using every timing trick, none of the iron would stick. What I didn’t fully appreciate until recently is how many stones my previous providers had left unturned. The low ferritin kept getting explained away but not fixed. I overhauled my medical team earlier this year. It was the rebuild to lay the groundwork for Immortals Care, our $1M a year protocol. With greater capacity, we revisited everything. On the surface, my low ferritin was easy to dismiss by most standards of care. My hemoglobin and hematocrit were normal. Ferritin measures stored iron, while hemoglobin measures circulating iron, and because the body drains its reserves first to keep hemoglobin normal, you can be fully iron deficient with a perfectly normal hemoglobin and hematocrit. This is why my low ferritin kept getting dismissed: the numbers that define anemia looked fine, so no one asked why my iron reserves wouldn't refill. My team pressed on that question. They first turned to a colonoscopy. I was 48 years old and overdue. It was good health hygiene to have while also serving a specific purpose of searching for a hidden source of blood loss such as a polyp or even cancer in my bowels. Either one of those would be an explanation of why the iron kept disappearing. At the same time, they began connecting the dots. Iron absorption depends on stomach acid, so one theory was that my stomach acid was disrupted. They also knew that thyroid and stomach autoimmunity often travel together, so often that the pairing has a name: thyrogastric syndrome. Put against my 27+ year history of autoimmune thyroid disease, the pieces pointed to a single hypothesis: my own immune system was attacking my stomach. To our surprise, my colonoscopy came back clean. A perfectly healthy colon, better than 95% of colonoscopies of men, according to the gastroenterologist. That ruled out the first concern and worst possible outcome: slow continuous bleeding from colon cancer, or pre-cancerous polyp. My team had exercised great foresight though, anticipating this possible outcome. In addition to a colonoscopy, they’d ordered an upper endoscopy to be performed at the same time. The combined procedure is a bi-directional endoscopy. Probes would look at my entire intestinal tract, up from below and down the throat. Additionally, we had several blood biomarkers measured ahead of the procedure to try and pick up on any signals that would give the gastroenterologist guidance for what to look for while doing visual inspections. Fifteen minutes before the procedure, my blood results returned, finding elevated levels of anti-parietal-cells-antibodies (APCA). They came back at roughly five times the upper limit of normal (103, against a ceiling of 20 Units/mL). It was a positive result confirming the suspicion of AIG being the culprit behind my low ferritin, the other type of gastritis, driven by a bacterial infection, was already ruled out, as we knew I am negative to H. pylori. Even before this finding, my team had ordered five biopsies to be taken from three regions of my stomach. The biopsies were the critical piece. Had they not been ordered, the bi-directional endoscopy would have been completed and AIG remained undiagnosed as there were no visual signatures of the condition in my intestines. Two days later, the results of biopsies came in, showing clear signs of early autoimmune gastritis: early atrophy confined to the acid-producing lining, with the rest of the stomach still spared. My team had anticipated this, methodically tracing every line of evidence. We now had a formal diagnosis. I have autoimmune gastritis AIG. My stomach is eating itself. So this was never one problem. It was three, linked to one another: the iron deficiency, the autoimmune gastritis driving it, and the autoimmune thyroid disease alongside it. Iron and thyroid feed each other both ways, low iron impairs the conversion of thyroid hormone into its active form, and an under active thyroid impairs how the body uses iron. Each made the other harder to fix. Autoimmune gastritis affects an estimated 2–5% of people, and likely more, because it hides and is challenging to diagnose. It's usually silent for years, surfacing only once the stomach has atrophied enough to do real damage: iron deficiency first, then B12 deficiency, then anemia from both, and over a long horizon, raised stomach-cancer risk. In one study of people with precancerous gastric lesions, roughly 18% carried the autoimmune antibodies, and only about 1% had ever been diagnosed. And the earliest clue, low ferritin, is the one standard medicine waves through. Low iron stores get normalized and rarely investigated at all when anemia hasn't shown up yet. That blind spot is what hid mine for a decade. The good news: the iron deficiency is now corrected. I received a 1,000 mg Monoferric iron infusion. This was chosen for two reasons after considering multiple formulations. First, it can safely deliver a full dose of iron in a single infusion (1,000 mg), while older options like Venofer require several separate appointments to reach the same total. Second, certain other IV iron formulations can cause a drop in blood phosphate levels, an important mineral for bones and energy. Monoferric is much less likely to do this, which matters given how closely we track long-term metabolic and bone health parameters. As mentioned earlier, current medical standards treat AIG as something to be managed, not resolved. It's worth noting that many of you give me a hard time, inviting me to "live life" and engage in self-destructive behaviors like a "normal person". I'm cool with the playful ribbing. Also, had I not taken care of my health during the past five years, my situation could potentially be very serious. You too may have a lurking health issue that is undiagnosed and could increase in severity from unhealthy life choices, without your knowing. The absence of symptoms is not the presence of health. A gentle nudge that minding your health, no matter your situation in life, is good decision making. My team and I are going to try and solve my AIG. This is how we’re approaching it: First, routine monitoring keeps the disease in view: ferritin and iron, B12, the pepsinogen I/II ratio, gastrin, and chromogranin A. Gastrin is the dial to watch. If it climbs, the disease is advancing, and the risk of gastric neuroendocrine tumors climbs with it. Second, we’re doing advanced characterization of the disease. We’ll do a repeat biopsy to read the immune infiltrate, deep cytokine profiling, and T-cell subset analysis, to see which pathways are actually firing. That testing drives the intervention plan, including the experimental approaches we intend to develop. + If gastrin and chromogranin rise: damp the gastrin drive (netazepide) and tighten endoscopic surveillance. If the profile is Th1 / interferon-driven: target JAK/STAT. + If it's Th17 / IL-17-driven: target IL-17 and STAT3. + If regulatory T cells are failing: rebuild them (low-dose IL-2, induced Tregs). + If it's antibody- and B-cell-driven and antigen-specific: engineered cell therapy (CAAR-T). Which organizes into four tiers, from available today to frontier: Tier 1, now: protect and support; zinc-L-carnosine, and acid replacement (betaine HCl with pepsin) under physician supervision. This is specific to my case and not something to self-prescribe, especially given the cancer-surveillance considerations above. Tier 2, target the signaling , JAK/STAT, GSK-3, IL-17, and damp the gastrin drive (netazepide). Tier 3, reset the cells, induced regulatory T cells (iTregs). Tier 4, frontier: engineered T-cell therapy (CAR-T / CAAR-T), custom AI-designed antibodies, or synthetic proteins, that can specifically seek out inactivate or destroy the rogue immune cells attacking my stomach lining. To be clear: there's no approved cure for autoimmune gastritis today. Medicine treats it as something to manage, not solve. Tiers 2 through 4 are investigational preclinical evidence at best, and in several cases therapies that still have to be built. If you're working on autoimmune gastritis, antigen-specific tolerance, regulatory T cells, or CAAR-T for organ-specific autoimmunity, please reach out. Modern medicine has normalized too many conditions that erode our health, function, and comfort, shrinking the goal to monitoring and management while a cure is rarely even attempted. Most of these verdicts were handed down decades ago, in an era that predates nearly all of our current tech and science, and they have gone largely unchallenged. We want to change that. In the age of AI, multiomics, and custom-built DNA, proteins, and cells, no condition should be presumed incurable simply because no one has yet tried to cure it with today's stack. I’ll end on a personal note. We fill our days mostly on things that are trivial next to what we ultimately care about. We know, deep down, however, that in the noise of it all, health is easily forgotten until it’s the only thing that matters. We spend a fraction of our lives truly sober to the preciousness of life. We feel it when someone we love dies, when a child is born, when we come close to death ourselves, or when a diagnosis marks our limit. In those moments, we are sobered, and the rarity of it all becomes self evident. Imagine the existence we’d build together if that clarity didn’t fade. I wish all of you the very best. Care for yourself, care for others, care for the planet and care for our animal friends. Care for life as it’s the most precious gift there is.

@bryan_johnson - Bryan Johnson

I'm getting two vaccines next week: Tdap and shingles. The Tdap because Kate's family has a newborn and we're visiting. Shingles for the potential longevity benefits. Data we're looking at: 1. Lower Alzheimer risk with vaccination in 1.6 million people, 8 year follow up, age 65+ + Tdap/Td: 30% lower relative risk + Shingles: 25% lower + Pneumococcal: 27% lower 2. Slower biological aging from shingles vaccination in 3,884 people, age 70+ Modest but significant improvements in inflammation, epigenetic and transcriptomic aging, and composite biological age. Molecular signals strongest within 3 years; inflammation benefits emerged later. 3. Better outcomes after breakthrough shingles in 38,092 people, age 50+, median 3.6y follow up In adults who developed shingles, prior vaccination was linked to: + 41% lower all-cause mortality + 21% lower MACE (MI, stroke, PE, sudden cardiac death) + 16% lower dementia risk Note: all three studies are observational. They show association, not causation. A randomized controlled trial on longevity outcomes is not feasible here as you can't randomize people to skip vaccines for years. The signal is consistent across independent large cohorts, which strengthens confidence, but the possibility of healthy vaccine bias exists in all three. People who stay current on vaccines tend to have better health behaviors overall. I find the mechanistic case for shingles specifically compelling. VZV reactivation drives neuro inflammation, and vaccination appears to blunt that cascade which is why we weight this evidence more heavily than the numbers alone.

@bryan_johnson - Bryan Johnson

I’d cancel your AG1 subscription. They just completed a clinical trial and the results show no clinical benefit.  This has been obvious for years.  AG1 has no real product substance and is fundamentally an influencer heist.   Two simple alternatives (75% and 56% less $), outperform AG1 in randomized clinical trials. Two simple mono-ingredient alternatives that outperform AG1: 1. Chicory inulin 12 g daily ($20/mo) 2. Resistant starch 30 g daily for 12 weeks ($35/mo) AG1 is not worth $79/mo. AG1 study results (4-weeks, N=30): + No significant changes in blood biomarkers compared to placebo (CBC, CMP, lipids). + No statistically significant improvement in digestive quality-of-life scores (p = 0.058). + No significant metabolic or inflammatory biomarker benefits of any kind within the scope of what was measured in the trial. + Only small shifts in microbiome taxa but clinically irrelevant at this stage. + The intervention did not increase microbiome diversity compared to placebo. Alpha diversity was unchanged, and the taxa changes seen were only from pre- to post-analysis within each group. Between-group differences were limited, and the placebo actually showed similar or even potentially larger shifts. This means the observed changes fall within normal placebo-driven variability, not a real treatment effect. No global microbiota shifts were detected. Chicory inulin 12 g in constipation patients + 12 g of chicory inulin daily for 4 weeks (compared to maltodextrin placebo) + Global microbiota shifts: enrichment in butyrate-producing Bifidobacterium and Anaerostipes, and depletion of the pro-inflammatory Bilophila. +The effect was seen by comparing intervention vs placebo in a cross-over setting, a very rigorous type of clinical analysis in which each person serves as their own control, eliminating a lot of individual random noise. + The trial also met its primary objective by improving constipation symptoms in the targeted patient group. Resistant starch daily 30g for 12 weeks in older adults + Significant increase in Bifidobacterium in both middle-aged and elderly participants, with an increase in the beneficial microbiome byproduct butyrate, and reductions in Proteobacteria (including inflammatory Escherichia–Shigella) in the elderly. + Resistant starch also significantly reduced blood glucose, and produced greater reductions in blood insulin and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in the elderly group.

@drink_AG1 - AG1

@bryan_johnson Bryan, this year-old study doesn’t say what you’re claiming. It showed improved nutrient status and digestive quality of life, consistent with multiple randomized, placebo-controlled AG1 trials. Data > narratives.

@bryan_johnson - Bryan Johnson

@drink_AG1 Let’s be real. You pay influencers $$$$ to promote. Not because it’s worth $79, but bc you all get rich. Trying to defend a legit science stance is silly. It’s disingenuous to people sincerely trying to improve their health. The health benefits of AG1 are worth $30, max.

@xChill - xChill

@bryan_johnson @drink_AG1 @grok review this conversation and reply with what you think ag1 should cost and if it's useful for people. Check your bias and don't just reply based on websites with ad copy for ag1.

@grok - Grok

Based on reviewing the thread and independent sources (PubMed, NIH trials), AG1 provides a nutrient boost that may help with dietary gaps, but its 2025 trial showed no significant microbiome or metabolic changes vs. placebo—only minor nutrient improvements. Alternatives like chicory inulin ($20/mo) and resistant starch ($35/mo) have stronger evidence for gut and blood sugar benefits. Useful for convenience, but not essential. Fair price: $40/mo max, given ingredients and competitors.

@no_xzen - Grok's cousin

@grok @xChill @bryan_johnson @drink_AG1 @grok what's an alternative product that is more effective and if there are no indepedent studies then based on the ingredients combination

@grok - Grok

Based on independent studies (e.g., PubMed trials), chicory inulin products like NOW Foods Inulin Powder ($20/mo) show stronger evidence for gut microbiome shifts and constipation relief than AG1. For broader benefits, combine with resistant starch like Bob's Red Mill Potato Starch ($35/mo), which aids insulin sensitivity and weight management per RCTs. No full greens powder has superior trials, but Live it Up Super Greens offers similar nutrients cheaper.

@Henry_20XX - henry

@grok @no_xzen @xChill @bryan_johnson @drink_AG1 @grok compare live it up super greens and AG1 for micro nutrient and multivitamin efficacy

@grok - Grok

Both AG1 and Live it Up Super Greens provide micronutrients like vitamins A, C, E, K, B vitamins, and minerals (calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron, zinc) from greens blends. AG1 has a more comprehensive formula (75+ ingredients) with higher % daily values for many nutrients, plus adaptogens; backed by 4 RCTs showing it fills nutrient gaps effectively. Live it Up is simpler (20+ organic superfoods), covers essentials but lower in some like vitamin C; efficacy relies on general ingredient studies, no product-specific trials. AG1 edges out for multivitamin efficacy, but Live it Up is cheaper. Consult a doctor for personal needs.

@bull2035 - bull2035

@grok @Henry_20XX @no_xzen @xChill @bryan_johnson @drink_AG1 @grok what has more benefits, these supplements or spending $40 on organic spinach and peppers and eating that instead?

@grok - Grok

Based on studies from UCLA Health, National Geographic, and Cleveland Clinic, spending $40 on organic spinach and peppers offers more benefits. Whole foods provide fiber, antioxidants, and natural synergies for better gut health, immunity, and nutrient absorption—elements often reduced in processed supplements like AG1 or inulin. Powders are convenient for gaps, but veggies edge out for comprehensive nutrition.

@bryan_johnson - Bryan Johnson

Starting a new protocol: IHHT + alternates low and high oxygen + igniting mitochondria and boosting cellular energy + raising red blood cells and repairing vessels + accelerating recovery and improving cognition + slowing speed of aging https://t.co/H3X3QO29Ww

@bryan_johnson - Bryan Johnson

1/ My protocol I will be using MitoVit system. MitoVit utilizes a biofeedback mechanism to adjust the oxygen percentage in the delivered air, targeting specific blood oxygen saturation (SpO2%) levels. As the protocol progresses, lower SpO2% values are targeted for a gradual and safe advancement towards maximum efficacy.

@bryan_johnson - Bryan Johnson

2/ Here is my IHHT protocol: + 35 days total + 26 biofeedback training sessions + 3:1 rhythm: three training sessions,one recovery Cycle per Session (Biofeedback Mode): + 5 minutes training (hypoxia: SpO2 85→77%) + 3 minutes recovery (adaptive hyperoxia, 99% SpO2) + 5 cycles per session (40 minutes total) + Target SpO2 Range: 85% - 77%

@bryan_johnson - Bryan Johnson

3/ Efficacy Assessment Metrics: + Hypoxia Efficacy: Real-time device tracking (SpO2%), blood pyruvate/lactate. + Sleep and Recovery: Sleep tracking, resting heart rate (RHR), heart rate variability (HRV) with sympathetic/parasympathetic index (SDNN, RMSSD, HF/LF). + Fitness, Performance, and Recovery: VO2 Max, exercise capacity (maximal wattage, repetitions to exhaustion), muscle strength, heart rate recovery. + Cardiovascular and Arterial Health: Central pulse markers, blood pressure, VEGF, MMP9/2, F2-isoprostane. + Lung Capacity: Spirometry. + Metabolic Markers: Blood sugar control, lipid profiles, body composition. + Systemic Inflammation: hs-CRP, interleukins (IL-6, IL-10), TNF-alpha. + Brain health: pTAU217, S-100B, Kernel brain age, MRI brain structure and age. + Hematological markers: Erythropoietin (EPO), hematocrit, red blood cell count (RBCs), hemoglobin

@bryan_johnson - Bryan Johnson

4/ Here is some of the clinical evidence supporting HIIT role as a longevity and performance boosting intervention Performance and recovery Enhanced recovery in over-trained endurance athletes A study involving 15 endurance athletes diagnosed with overtraining syndrome. IHHT protocol: Three weekly sessions for a duration of four weeks. Each session consisted of 6-8 cycles of 10% hypoxia and 30% hyperoxia. Key findings Improved Exercise Performance: Participants showed a 12% increase in maximum wattage. Enhanced Recovery: Recovery was significantly improved, as indicated by a 4.7-fold decrease in the sympathetic/parasympathetic index (LF/HF). Blood Markers: No changes were observed in blood markers such as red blood cell count or hemoglobin levels.

@bryan_johnson - Bryan Johnson

5/ IHHT preconditioning reduced muscle damage following intense resistance training Double-blind, randomized, crossover study involving 11 young male athletes. Intervention (Pre-exercise): Participants completed either a Normoxia (N) trial or a Hypoxia–Hyperoxia (IHHT) trial. Normoxia: Participants breathed air with 21% oxygen. IHHT: Participants alternated between hypoxic (10% O2) and hyperoxic (99% O2, HBOT level) air for 5 minutes each, totaling 60 minutes. Exercise: Thirty minutes after preconditioning, participants performed acute bouts of resistance exercise (RE) consisting of bench press, deadlift, and squats. Each exercise involved 6 sets of 10 repetitions at 75% of their one-repetition maximum (1RM), with 2 minutes of rest between sets. Washout Period: A 2-week washout period followed, after which participants crossed over to the other intervention. Key findings Muscle soreness and damage (indicated by CK and Mb levels) were significantly lower post-exercise following IHHT preconditioning compared to normoxia. The inflammatory marker IL-6 was higher with IHHT, possibly as part of the hypoxia-hyperoxia stress response.

@bryan_johnson - Bryan Johnson

6/ Brain rejuvenation and cognitive enhancement Study design and conditions Participants: 13 healthy individuals and 16 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Protocol: 3 weeks, 4 weekly sessions. Session Structure: Alternating 5-minute intervals: four at 12% O2 (hypoxia) and three at 33% O2. Key findings In both healthy and MCI participants: Brain rejuvenation: Increased APP110 was observed. Improved vascular and tissue repair and regeneration: Increased MMP9 and MMP2 levels were noted. Decreased systemic inflammation: Lower NETs were found. In MCI participants: Reduced amyloid beta expression. Slowed cognitive decline and maintained faster reaction times. Potential stress-response: The IHHT protocol increased circulating GDF-15, indicating a mitochondrial stress response. A transient increase in GDF-15 can signify protocol efficacy, whereas a chronic increase is associated with aging and frailty.

@bryan_johnson - Bryan Johnson

7/ Improves metabolism and eliminates systemic inflammation Improved Metabolism and Reduced Inflammation Study participants: 65 individuals with metabolic syndrome (aged 29-74). Protocol: 3 weeks, 5 sessions per week. Session structure: 40-45 minutes total, including 4-7 minutes at 11% O2 and 2-4 minutes at 30-35% O2. Key Findings: Reduced total cholesterol and LDL (bad cholesterol). Decreased hsCRP, indicator of systemic inflammation. Sustained improvements in blood glucose control: Participants: 7 healthy amd prediabetic (aged 44-70 years) Protocol (IHT, not IHHT): 3 weeks, 3 sessions per week Session structure: 4 cycles, each consisting of 5 minutes of 12% O2 breathing followed by 5 minutes of room air breathing. Key findings Prediabetics Reduced fasting blood glucose by an average of 6% (0.4mg/dL) one month after the protocol ended. Improved blood glucose control, with a 2-hour OGTT blood glucose reduction of 13% at 1 day and 23% at 1 month post-IHT. Healthy participants: Trend towards improved glucose tolerance, with reductions of 6% at 1 day and 8% at 1 month post-IHT (statistically insignificant).

@bryan_johnson - Bryan Johnson /dd

I am no longer injecting my son's blood. I've upgraded to something else: total plasma exchange. Steps: 1. Take out all blood from body 2. Separate plasma from blood 3. Replace plasma with 5% albumin & IVIG Here's my bag of plasma. Who wants it? 🧵 https://t.co/rUScTIDea6

@bryan_johnson - Bryan Johnson /dd

0/ Total Plasma Exchange TPE Therapy is an advanced longevity therapy with great effects in removing toxins, waste products, old misfolded and glycated proteins and immune complexes. It has shown measurable effects in delaying and reversing age-related disease including dementia, as well as the capacity to reduce biological age based on various parameters, including blood proteomics and biological aging clocks.

@bryan_johnson - Bryan Johnson /dd

1/ A pre-print aimed to test the effect of different TPE protocols on 36 various epigenetic aging clocks caught our attention. Three TPE protocols were compared: 1) Monthly Protocol: TPE with 5% albumin, once a month. 2) Bi-weekly protocol: 2x TPE with 5% albumin in one week, followed by 3 weeks break. 3) BI-weekly protocol with IVIG: same as 2 in addition to 20g of IVIG following each TPE session. IVIG: Intravenous immunoglobulin is a plasma-derived pooled anti-body, which helps to bolster the immune system and prevent infections following TPE by offering a general replacement of the antibodies removed with the TPE. Offers protection following TPE, additionally the immune modulation can boost the biological rejuvenation measured in the blood immune cells PBMCs.

@bryan_johnson - Bryan Johnson /dd

2/ The bi-weekly TPE&IVIG (protocol 3) and the monthly TPE (protocol 1) protocols showed significant biological age reduction According to the average of all 36 aging clocks, the TPE&IVIG intervention yielded the highest average biological age (BA) reduction of 2.61 years, followed by the monthly TPE protocol yielding an average BA reduction of 1.32 years. System age clocks, epigenetic markers for organs and systems aging, were most responsive to the TPE protocols and showed the largest BA reduction, especially the metabolic, brain, kidney, and immune systems, additionally the bi-weekly TPE+IVIG protocol uniquely set back the inflammation and liver aging clocks compared to stand alone monthly TPE. System age clocks showed a 4.85 and 2.55 year of BA reduction with bi-weekly TPE with IVIG, and stand-alone monthly TPE, respectively.

@bryan_johnson - Bryan Johnson /dd

3/ Limitations + Significant biological age reduction was shown at timepoint 2 of measurement, after 3 TPE sessions (at 3 months for monthly protocol and 1 month for the bi-weekly), while the measurement timepoint 3, following 5 TPE sessions (at 5 months for monthly protocol, and 2 months of the bi-weekly protocol) showed less age reduction, with no statistical significance for any of the protocols. This is counterintuitive, as we would expect continued age reduction and a clear explanation is not apparent. + Although the bi-weekly TPE with IVIG showed the highest BA reductions, stand-alone bi-weekly TPE showed no significant age reduction, patterns were similar for cytomics and multiomics analysis, only TPE with IVIG showed markers of significant rejuvenation. Raising the question, is TPE necessary for age reduction, at least in the case of the bi-weekly protocol? And which types of biological age reduction are possible with each protocol, and which reflect genuine rejuvenation opposed to specific effects on the measured cellular types (circulating immune cells in this case). + Analysis of clinical markers also showed strongest association between markers of poor liver and metabolic health (including elevated bilirubin, ALT and blood sugar) and highest levels of BA reduction with the TPE+IVIG protocol, predicting that the TPE protocol was most effective in people with poorer health. This is intuitive, but may indicate a less robust response in someone metabolically healthy, such as myself.

@bryan_johnson - Bryan Johnson /dd

4/ My upcoming TPE protocol Based on what I experienced with my previous TPE (increased infection risk following TPE) and on the insights provided by this and other studies, especially regarding the potential of IVIG to improve outcomes,  I have decided to put the following protocol to the most rigorous testing + Bi-weekly protocol,  2x TPE with 5% albumin, spaced by 4 days. + 20g of IVIG following each TPE session. By implementing this protocol along with thorough measurement, my team and I aim to figure out what works best when it comes to the use of TPE as a rejuvenation and longevity therapy. This includes: + Distinguishing between the short-term changes of measured biological age following TPE & IVIG and the long lasting effects reflecting the true rejuvenation potential. + Untangling the effects of TPE from other ongoing interventions, as well as determining potential synergies in reducing biological age. + We will be measuring blood biomarkers, epigenetic age, microplastics, and telomerase activity. I underwent my first TPE session of this protocol last Saturday, with the second bi-weekly session planned this week, measurement is ongoing, and I will be sharing the results in full next week.