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@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

This whole pointless debate about the pyramid stones is still going strong, but it's so obvious they're cast stones that it's almost laughable. Let's take a look at the top of the Great Pyramid of Giza. About 50 years ago, you could still have a picnic up there and see all the things I'm about to show you with your own eyes. Unfortunately, that's no longer possible because, in the '60s, a French hippie couple went up there and, in the middle of a Muslim country, had sex in plain sight for everyone to see. Soon after, the Egyptian authorities banned climbing the pyramids. So, we’re left with no choice but to be armchair experts, relying strictly on photos. Here's what we’ll be working with—a great shot, thankfully, flying over the pyramids is still allowed. Now, do we see anything noteworthy in this photo? Especially anything that might suggest these stones are cast? You bet we do, and more than just one thing! If you zoom in on the stone in the bottom left corner, you’ll notice that the Egyptian experts apparently had square drills. ...or something like that. Because how else can you explain these two square holes in natural limestone? They couldn’t have carved that with copper chisels. So, we’re left with ancient lasers, square drills—or casting. Again, if this were a man-made stone, then these two holes wouldn’t be a problem at all. They could’ve just stuck two wooden pegs into the soft mix and later pulled them out. But if we forbid the Egyptians from casting stone, we’re forced into absolutely ridiculous theories. And that’s not all. Now let’s take a closer look at the top right corner of the image... No, not the square drill again—that’s old news. What’s interesting is the indentation running across several stones! That’s the real issue here! Do you see it? My god, what kind of force would it take to press the next layer of stone down so hard that it left such an imprint on the one below? Or, of course, let’s not rule out the possibility that a UFO landed here, the ship was heavy, its feet were hot, and it pressed the stone down with its landing gear. See the kind of nonsense you end up with when you forbid the Egyptians from casting stone? But if these stones are artificial, it’s simple— the mason didn’t wait for the previous layer to fully set before pouring the next one on top. That’s it." This is an excerpt from my soon-to-be-released book, titled The Natron Theory (surprise, surprise), which is now available for pre-order on Amazon here: https://a.co/d/fXRL7tv

@ShayUnleashed - Shay

Ever since I was little, I knew something was off about the pyramids. I just wasn’t sure what. Until I started to dig deeper….. https://t.co/BH27g82Vv5

@ShayUnleashed - Shay

They call the Great Pyramid a tomb—but unlike real tombs, it has no mummies, no hieroglyphs, no decorations, and no funerary artifacts. Every confirmed pharaoh’s tomb is covered in symbols and treasures. So why is this one completely bare? What was it really built for? https://t.co/UExiSDViRN

@ShayUnleashed - Shay

The Great Pyramid is perfectly aligned with true north and positioned at the center of Earth’s landmass, with more land around it than anywhere else. Its dimensions encode Earth’s circumference, and it aligns precisely with Orion’s Belt. How could ancient builders achieve this? https://t.co/RfKbkoI7Cw

@ShayUnleashed - Shay

They say the pyramids were built by pharaohs with primitive tools—but that just doesn’t add up. The precision, scale, and advanced engineering needed for the Great Pyramid go far beyond what any ancient civilization was capable of with the tools we’re told they had. https://t.co/zecj6szwZl

@ShayUnleashed - Shay

The pyramids weren’t just tombs—they were built to channel energy. Their shape focused and amplified spiraling light energy, creating a powerful resonance. Over time, knowledge was hidden and distorted by the elite. Leaving only a shadow of their original function. Familiar? https://t.co/Y09j2p37By

@ShayUnleashed - Shay

All creations begin with thought, and the pyramids were no different. Builders used mental energy and thought forms, focusing their minds to move and shape stones. They harnessed frequency and vibration, using sound to manipulate the stones. Aligning the pyramids with Earth and the stars, the pyramid shape amplified energy, making construction easier.

@ShayUnleashed - Shay

Humans are incredibly powerful—we are the creators of our reality. Our true abilities, like manipulating energy and shaping the world with thought, have been lost over time. By reconnecting with these powers, we can reclaim our potential and become the architects of our own existence.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

So I went to Dendera to see the “lightbulb” and the melted stairs, which I’ll analyze later. Because I found something absolutely mind blowing here, a serious proof of casting limestone. And casting just recently! (Okay, some 2000 years ago.) If we can accept the weird assumption that roofs are usually built after the walls of a structure, then… I found “cyclopean wall”, “cart routes”, depressions, a gazillion of square drill holes and everything else on the rooftop of the Hathor temple! A temple that was finished in the Ptolemaic era. Ooops! It’s very important to lick 👅 everything (which I didn’t do because I didn’t want to be arrested), and to climb up onto everything that is in your way. So I went up there and found absolutely everything you would find if a stone is CAST! NOT CARVED! Twitter let me attach 4 pictures only so I show you the “cart routes” and other interesting stuff below in a 🧵 1/4

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

So I went to Dendera to see the “lightbulb” and the melted stairs, which I’ll analyze later. Because I found something absolutely mind blowing here, a serious proof of casting limestone. And casting just recently! (Okay, some 2000 years ago.) If we can accept the weird assumption that roofs are usually built after the walls of a structure, then… I found “cyclopean wall”, “cart routes”, depressions, a gazillion of square drill holes and everything else on the rooftop of the Hathor temple! A temple that was finished in the Ptolemaic era. Ooops! It’s very important to lick 👅 everything (which I didn’t do because I didn’t want to be arrested), and to climb up onto everything that is in your way. So I went up there and found absolutely everything you would find if a stone is CAST! NOT CARVED! Twitter let me attach 4 pictures only so I show you the “cart routes” and other interesting stuff below in a 🧵 1/4

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

These are the “cart routes” on the rooftop. These are definitely not cart 🛒 routes, and I have a theory what are these I’ll share later in a serious paper about the whole topic. Oh and the square drill holes 🕳️! 2/4 https://t.co/6c5CjCSkpJ

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

I couldn’t count the amount of square drill holes 🕳️ up there. A gazillion? Or more? A ton? I stopped taking pictures of them after a quadrillion. Okay, let me show you a stone in stone in the next step. 3/4 https://t.co/rP0ZkvWrxk

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

Nothing is more easy than to carve a stone to fit in another stone. A piece of cake, and it’s very logical also (not). The stone blocks on the roof of the Temple of Hathor are cast. Period. 4/4 Okay, one last thing: How about a piece from the cyclopean wall from Easter Island, and Peru and the cover picture of my book? Are you ready?

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

Any resemblance is purely coincidental. https://a.co/d/hcKJV4g https://t.co/u8eHA8ehxt

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

And now, the ancient light bulb 💡 in the Hathor temple in Dendera, Egypt. I was there, but I admit openly I have absolutely no clue what it is. But… A 🧵 1/6 https://t.co/bVxnw2sEbd

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

This carving (?) can be found in the basement of the temple, and you have two choices to go down: legally or illegally. The legal way is to buy an additional ticket at the entrance for 2$, but it’s not advertised too much, so by the time you realize you made a mistake, you are far-far away from the kiosk, deep in the temple. But this is Egypt, every door opens with a dollar bill 💵, so the illegal way of entering is actually less expensive than the legal way. Me, being a loser, bought the additional ticket at the entrance for 2$, while other people simply walked in giving 1$ tip to the guard. 2/6

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

It’s lesser known that there are a pair of light bulbs carved into the wall, which makes it harder to believe that these are actual light bulbs 💡 3/6 https://t.co/nKG8IdYZQy

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

Actually 3. There’s a single light bulb 💡 on the wall opposite of the first two ones. Now it’s a party 🎊 light for sure. 4/6 https://t.co/oHZ1bQln2Y

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

Now let’s talk about the transformer. Actually, it’s a “djed”, a backbone of Osiris, supporting everything from light bulbs 💡 to dead man soul etc. So it’s not a transformer after all, so we can be sure the light bulb is not a led light at least, HUH. 5/6 https://t.co/B2l7BmH6vc

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

What is interesting is that this drawing is totally unique. I don’t know any other place that has anything similar. It’s an outlier for sure. Whoever created this, was either a time traveler or mushroom 🍄 consumer or both. 6/6 https://t.co/mvcLYAgUmd

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

Here’s an overhead view of the Great Pyramid of Giza. I used this image in my newly published book to prove a point. Then along came a so-called "real archaeologist," trying to make a fool of me. "Real archaeologists" come and go—I don’t even remember his name. But a few things have happened since then. Let’s see who was right. Let’s zoom in! 1/12 A 🧵

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

Here comes the shameless plug—here’s the book where you’ll find out the why and the how. I wrote this book, and I can’t write—so brace yourself, because it’s boring, confusing, and long! Just ask around. https://a.co/d/1DQTtub Alright, now let’s really zoom in! 2/12

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

In this image, we can spot all kinds of interesting details—from the impressions spanning multiple stones (top right, orange fram) to the skillful use of a square drill (bottom left, green frame). In my book, I wrote that these are clear signs that these stones are artificial. To which the real archaeologist responded: “So many people have been on top of the pyramid, entire TV crews—it’s obvious they chiseled out those square holes.” Alright, fine. Let’s say you’re right. (You’re not—we’ll see in a moment.) But who in their right mind carves indentations into stone? And are we seriously supposed to believe that TV crews carry precision square drills? I had no idea. I always thought they just used dowels and screws to mount things. 3/12

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

The easiest way to let go of the TV crews with precision square drills theory is to suddenly find hundreds of these square holes somewhere else—in this case, on the roof of the Hathor Temple in Dendera, Egypt. These are 4k photos, tap, tap&hold and download in 4k. So, what happened here? A film festival? On this roof? This argument is about as solid as saying that Quenco in Peru was once a venue for ritual celebrations. 4/12

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

But what kind of ritual was it in Quenco, Peru? The Ankle-Breaking Festival, of course! They still reenact it every year—kind of like letting bulls loose among tourists. Both are cherished traditions, after all. Just think of the happy faces of those boarding their flights with a cast on their leg, eager to return next year for another round of the Ankle-Breaking Festival! Oh wait… that’s not a thing. 5/12

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

But back to Egypt. On the roof of the Hathor Temple, we don’t just find evidence of excessive square drill usage—there’s also such a huge number of indentations spanning multiple stones that I have to say: this must have been an actual profession back in the day. A whole guild of artisans, masters of the Great and Meaningless Indentation-Carving technique. Holy Indentations. Now that is a thing! 6/12

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

Let’s also note that in some places, the stone joints and carvings are so precise that you couldn’t even slip a razor blade between them. Yet another piece of evidence in favor of precision stone-cutting. (No.) 7/12 https://t.co/70azJ42dhJ

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

And we haven’t even mentioned that up here on the roof, we’re looking at poligonal masonry, a true cyclopean roof. Why did they carve it this way? For the glory of the gods, of course! Unfortunately, the idea that this could be some kind of concrete—not with Portland cement, but with some other binder—and that it was just poured in place is completely unacceptable. Because, as we all know, there is no other binder besides Portland cement. There never was. 8/12

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

So what is this, then? How the heck did I manage to pour a pyramid out of artificial limestone? I mean, that’s IM-POS-SI-BLE! Maybe it’s not even limestone at all! Well, if someone checks it with a mass spectrometer, they’ll find that—oh yes—it is limestone. But here’s my take: no, not really. It’s actually a geopolymer that binds together limestone grains and limestone dust. 96% limestone, 4% binder. And the binder? It’s made of compounds that occur naturally in limestone. So… good luck proving otherwise. 9/12

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

But don’t run off just yet—I’ve got something else to show you. These so-called wheel tracks—that aren’t wheel tracks. The roof of the Hathor Temple is layered like a sandwich. What you see in the photo is the middle layer. It’s not the ceiling, but it’s not the final surface either. Now, if another layer of cast limestone were to be added on top, what would a smart stonemason do to keep the two layers from slipping? He’d roughen the surface. He’d poke it with sticks, or maybe press a wooden board into it to create a random texture—something to help the layers bond. And once they’re set, you won’t be slipping a razor blade between them, blah blah blah… 10/12

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

Are we done yet? Nope, not quite. So, how old is this temple? It’s supposedly from the Ptolemaic period, meaning it’s not that old—only about 2,000 years. Which leaves us with two possibilities: Either the dating is wrong, and it’s actually twice as old—4,000 years. Or the Egyptians never forgot the art of casting stone, but after a certain point, they just stopped using it on a large scale—maybe only for ceilings (because, let’s be honest, casting a slab is way more practical than carving one). And if the second option is true, then the real question is: Why do we see fewer and fewer artificial limestone surfaces as time goes on? 11/12

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

If the knowledge wasn’t lost, then the raw materials ran out. And I think that’s exactly what happened. Anyone who’s read my book knows that the idea of Wadi El Natrun being an unlimited natron source to this day is nothing more than a myth. I used to believe that story too. But the truth is, that deposit was exhausted thousands of years ago. Somebody mined out every last bit of natron from that lake system. Gone. Just—gone. And if there’s no natron, how are you supposed to cast millions more artificial stones? You don’t. You hold back. You only use artificial stone where it’s absolutely necessary or makes the most sense. This is an amazing story. I gathered everything I could find on the topic and packed it into 372 pages. It’s one of those “once you see it, you can’t unsee it” things. And once you’ve read it—you can’t unread it. 12/12

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

Since it just came up elsewhere today, let's take a look at this ugly face. This is one of the Memnon Colossi in Luxor—the one on the left. Its expression isn’t exactly easy to read… maybe something happened to it. But what, when, and why? (All images are in 4K—tap, tap & hold, download in 4K, and zoom in.) A 🧵 1/9

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

Look, something happened to its stomach too! Which is interesting because the Egyptians were supposedly masters at selecting flawless granite and other stones (quartzit sandstone in this case). But somehow, they missed the mark here. With material this bad, you could only make a poor, blotchy statue, right? 2/9

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

And nope. Look at its legs—they’re perfectly smooth, flawless material, no blemishes at all. How did the ancient masters achieve this? How did they manage to turn rubbish into perfection? Could it be that… this isn’t even a carved statue? 3/9 https://t.co/gOsHG2PU9H

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

If we go back to the head, we can see that while there’s a lot of chaos, the original outer layer—where it’s still intact—is smooth and uniform, surrounding the scattered ‘brain matter. It's an outer layer. Download in 4K and zoom in on the area where the red arrows are pointing. 4/9

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

What could have caused it to crumble? I’m not sure if anyone else has noticed, but obelisks carved from the same "flawless" "granite"—like Hatshepsut’s and others—are always pristine at the top, while lower down, up to about 6–8 meters, the granite is gnawed away by ugly erosion. Sorry, but WHA...? 5/9

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

This height happens to match how high the Nile used to rise during its floods. In the Karnak Temple, where that obelisk stands, there’s even an inscription on the wall marking how high the Nile reached at different times (I forgot to take a picture), and—sure enough—it’s around 6–8 meters above the pavement level. Nice ballons, he? 6/9

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

I'm no 'erosiologist,' but as far as I knew, nothing really harms granite—neither acid nor alkali (okay, that’s not true, but let’s roll with it)—and definitely not water. And yet, right there for everyone to see, stand countless granite obelisks eroded from below. Once you have seen it, you can't unsee it. How is that possible? 7/9

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

Maybe because these statues aren’t actually granite? Hmmm! Who would’ve thought (that I’d end up here again)? The Memnon Colossus is almost certainly not ‘a single stone block,’ as people like to say, but rather a messy mix of materials inside, covered with a plaster-like layer that only looks like quartzite. Just have a look at the head of the other one. This head was made like a snowman's head. Layer by layer. Haters gonna hate, but hey—come up with a better explanation! Actually, I have a better explanation... 8/9

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

https://a.co/d/dPPNnxQ

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

The ancient Egyptians were famous for selecting the most flawless materials for their massive stone creations—no veins, no lumps, no imperfections. Except when it comes to the Memnon Colossi. So what happened here? Did someone throw a wrench in the works, or why were these two statues made from such lousy material? And what ate them away? The Shamir? Or just erosion? And if it’s erosion—how is that possible? These statues are supposedly made of quartzite, a sandstone rich in quartz. Yet, this is what became of them. Why? Let’s zoom in and find out. (All images are in 4K—tap, tap & hold, download in 4K, and zoom in.) A 🧵 1/7

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

Looking closer at the torso, it looks like a jumble of stone fragments of all sizes. Officially, this is because the Romans tried to repair it—and, well, this was the result. Unofficially, though, this is simply the original interior of the ‘stone’ statue. 2/7 https://t.co/ml2WHKQUNJ

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

If we go back to the head, we can see that while there’s a lot of chaos, the original outer layer—where it’s still intact—is smooth and uniform, surrounding the scattered ‘brain matter.’ If it hadn’t crumbled away, it would be just as flawless as the legs. Download in 4K and zoom in on the area where the red arrows are pointing. 3/7

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

What could have caused it to crumble? I’m not sure if anyone else has noticed, but obelisks carved from the same flawless granite—like Hatshepsut’s and others—are always pristine at the top, while lower down, up to about 6–8 meters, the granite is gnawed away by ugly erosion. 4/7

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

So basically the Nile river did it. But how? Nor quartzit, nor granite are prone to the attack of water! This height happens to match how high the Nile used to rise during its floods. In the Karnak Temple, where that obelisk stands, there’s even an inscription on the wall marking how high the Nile reached at different times (I forgot to take a picture), and—sure enough—it’s precisely 6–8 meters above the pavement level. 5/7

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

I’ll leave the conclusions to others. You already know what I’d say. BTW: this is the second Colossus next to the previous one. Made from a single block 🤣 Think about what you’ve seen—and about the fact that neither acid nor alkali, let alone the waters of the Nile, should be able to damage these statues. And yet, somehow, they did. 6/7

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

And the shameless plug at the end... If you want to learn everything missing from history books in a fun and engaging way, I highly recommend my book. https://a.co/d/3CaO8MD

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

Why would anyone visit an obelisk in Istanbul, Turkey, instead of checking one out in Egypt? Especially if they already know this particular obelisk is broken? That’s exactly why! They're hoping to sneak a peek inside—get a glimpse into the mysterious world of obelisk-making by peeking into the obelisk itself. A 🧵 1/9

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

Yes, Emperor Theodosius—one of the lesser-known last emperors of the Roman Empire—only hauled about two-thirds of Pharaoh Thutmose III’s 3,500-year-old granite obelisk all the way to what was then Constantinople, the shiny new capital of the Roman Empire, in the 4th century. And let’s just say the shipping process didn’t exactly go smoothly. The obelisk snapped in two at a completely random spot—right through the middle of a hieroglyph. Since they had no way to fix it, the Romans just left the bottom third behind in Alexandria. 2/9

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

You can see where they chiseled the bottom to even it out, just so it could stand upright—but that doesn’t change the fact that you can sneak a peek underneath it. Luckily for us, they propped it up on four bronze blocks (red arrows), one under each corner, which means there’s just enough space to peek under the obelisk itself. 3/9

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

Let’s take a look, shall we? What do we see? Turns out, the obelisk has an outer shell and an inner core. The shell is about 20–30 centimeters thick—though it varies—and it’s noticeably lighter in color than the core. And no, it’s not just the lighting. If you were there in person, you’d have to admit it too: the inner core is just a different color. Why? Honestly, I have no idea (yet). But oh, do I have some wild theories! 4/9

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

From here on out, we’re deep in speculation territory. But if I had been me back then, here’s how I would’ve made that obelisk: I’d start by building a wooden mold, with the hieroglyphs mounted on the inside walls in positive relief—because once it's cast, the inscriptions need to look like they were carved in. Next, I’d stand the whole thing upright, right on the spot where the obelisk is meant to go. Then, I’d lower a stonemason into the mold on a rope. His job? To press a 20 cm-thick layer of the finest, fast-setting fake granite mixture firmly against the inner walls. This way, he’s basically plastering the sides around him, creating a sort of “well” of artificial granite. Once he’s done a meter or two of the walls around him, you can start pouring in a layer of cheaper, weaker mix beneath his feet. He stomps it down nice and solid while continuing to plaster the next section of the wall above. Look how beautifully I did those hieroglyphs - back then! 5/9

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

If you're wondering how I even dare to write such outlandish things, well—check out my book. In it, I make claims even wilder than this—but that time, I back them up with actual evidence. https://a.co/d/7pehoek 6/9

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@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

Here’s another angle, with the lighting turned up a bit—just so you can clearly see the two different materials. Sure, you could argue that I’m completely off-base—that the bottom-middle of the obelisk is just painted or plastered darker on purpose. But really—why on earth would anyone do that and why? 7/9

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

There are two more curious things about this obelisk. First, its totally crooked tip. It's just... slanted. And no, it's not a bad camera angle—I didn't take the photo wrong. There is no good angle. That tip is just crooked. Why on earth would that be? Where was the master of precision? Did he oversleep or something? 8/9

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

The other curious detail? The presence of veins in the granite— which, based on our (admittedly superficial) current knowledge, totally undermines everything I’ve just speculated. Because veins like that? Shouldn’t exist in artificial stone. But who cares about the impossible? I’ve been through so many “impossibles” already—I’m sure this one has its own explanation too, or maybe even a natural evolution of sorts. What if, over the course of a few thousand years, this kind of thing just… forms? Never say never! 9/9

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

1/13. The necessity of casing stones on pyramids. A thread🧵 It's widely known that the Egyptian pyramids once had an extra outer layer made of whiter, higher-quality stone than the limestone used inside. Why? To make them gleam in the sunlight and proclaim the pharaoh’s glory from afar. But what if that wasn’t the real reason for the capstones?

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

2/13. I’ve long suspected that the capstones weren’t just slapped onto the pyramids for the sake of aesthetics. And recently, while toying around with (impossible!!!) artificial limestone, I stumbled upon a fascinating piece of evidence. Using two shot glasses, I created two different artificial limestone samples — we’ll get back to those in just a bit.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

3/13. I’d especially like to draw attention to the precision of my copper-chisel stone carving. I etched this ancient inscription by meticulously copying the text found inside the plastic shot glass. It's an ancient language. Pretty impressive, right? https://t.co/CxYdL1Erx8

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

4/13. Ahhh, not again! Here’s the usual shameless plug: want to know more? There is a way tod do that. Simply read my book. It’s an easy to read novel about my adventures in this field. With a Stone Cook Book at the end. https://a.co/d/5NOccWD

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

5/13. Now let’s take a closer look at those capstones. Luckily, they haven’t only survived at the top of the Pyramid of Khafre — there are still a few lying at the base of the Great Pyramid as well, so there’s no need to climb all the way up to examine them. https://t.co/09u5rsQ9vN

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

6/13. The (sloppy) investigations have "revealed" that this limestone was brought from the nearby Tura quarries, some 15 miles away, because it’s whiter and supposedly better at broadcasting the pharaoh’s glory. One thing is true — Tura limestone is indeed purer and whiter than the stone found closer to the pyramids.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

7/13. What’s more, perhaps the only written record we have about the origin of the pyramid stones specifically refers to the casing stones. The overseer of the transport operation, Merer, kept a diary of the whole process — and wouldn’t you know it, it was uncovered in 2013 at an excavated port on the shore of the Red Sea. It’s crystal clear: the casing stones were sourced from Tura. Yes, but!

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

8/13. Here’s what Merer wrote about transporting the casing stones — and I quote: ‘Day 26. Inspector Merer sailed with his team from Tura [south]; loaded with stones for the Horizon of Khufu;6 passed the night at the Lake of Khufu. Day 27. Sailed from the Lake of Khufu; navigated to the Horizon of Khufu, loaded with stones; passed the night at the Horizon of Khufu. Day 28. Sailed from the Horizon of Khufu in the morning; navigated back up the river to Tura [south]. Day 29. Inspector Merer spent the day collecting stones in Tura south; passed the night at Tura south.’

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

9/13. What’s really intriguing here is the phrasing: “spent the day collecting (!) stones.” Now, what kind of stones do people "collect"?Definitely not multi-ton, pre-cut limestone blocks — that’s for sure. You collect things that need to be gathered up: crushed stone, stone dust, maybe something along those lines.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

10/13. But let’s finally get to that piece of evidence I mentioned earlier — I know your patience is wearing thin. I made two samples using two different recipes: one based on Imhotep’s (or rather, Davidovits’) formula, and the other one was my own invention. The first used natron as a binder (which ended up being sodium hydroxide), and the second one used ash lye, meaning potassium hydroxide. I let them dry for about ten days, then dunked both into water for 24 hours. And tadaaaaa! The ash-lye version stood firm under water like a champ, calmly watching as the natron-based version crumbled to absolute bits. And THAT, my friends, is why the capstones were necessary! The artificial limestone invented by Imhotep had, let’s say, questionable water resistance — a solid “meh.” Sure, these are just ten-day-old samples, and over a few thousand years the material would strengthen a lot. In fact, it doesn't dissolve like that anymore today. But this little test reveals the fundamental weakness: the pyramid’s interior needed a protective outer layer that was truly, unquestionably waterproof.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

11/13. So if the inner blocks weren’t carved, why would the casing stones be? Well — spoiler alert — they weren’t. The so-called “Tura limestone” is artificial too. If you look up “Tura Casing Stone XRF”, you’ll find Joseph Davidovits’ study comparing the chemistry and structure of the casing stones to that of natural Tura limestone. And guess what? They don’t match — not even slightly. The limestone straight from the quarry is about 95% pure. The casing stones? Less than 90%. But there is more.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

12/13. On top of that, the casing stones contain bubble inclusions — a telltale sign of something cast, not carved. But here’s the real knockout blow: the casing stones contain hydroxyapatite. You know what that is? Burnt bone. Hydroxyapatite, for crying out loud! Scroll back through my older posts — I already touched on this once before, when I was talking about the fortress of Deva.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

13/13. I’ve got one more theory — even though the study doesn’t mention this. I think the binder used in the casing stones wasn’t natron at all, but ash lye. Because, obviously, they needed a fully waterproof, weatherproof artificial stone. Now, we can’t exactly confirm that right this second — Egypt’s a bit of a hike. But thankfully, there is a piece of casing stone in the collection of the National Museum Scotland. So hey, if anyone’s in the neighborhood and just happens to be carrying an XRF scanner, could you please check if there’s any potassium in it?

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

1. Coral Castle—How Was It Made? According to its builder, Ed Leedskalnin, he possessed the ancient knowledge of the Egyptians. Thanks to Davidovits, we now possess that knowledge too. The recipe for artificial limestone isn’t a secret. In fact, there’s more than one recipe—I personally know of three. Which one might Ed have used?

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

2. Looking at the brutal erosion that’s occurred in way less than 100 years, it seems Ed used the Imhotep-style formula: natron + slaked lime + water as the binder …which can glue together limestone rubble. But it’s far from the best or most durable option. The Egyptians themselves only used it for the inner blocks of the pyramids. They needed much higher quality outer casing stones to protect the structure from the elements.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

3. Check this picture carefully Here are the three types of limestone I made a month ago using different formulas, and then I put them in tap water for 24 . -On the left: the binder is wood ash lye (potassium hydroxide). That stone stands in water like a rock (pun intended), and more importantly, the water stays chemically neutral—basically drinkable tap water. I believe this is how the pyramid casing stones were made. It’s extremely weather-resistant—but it needs a lot of ash, so it’s impractical for the full volume of a pyramid. -In the middle: pure pharmaceutical sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the binder. This stone is also rock-solid, but after 24 hours, a lot of NaOH leached out, making the water alkaline. The finish is flawless—probably the best-looking of the three—but it’s only suitable for indoor use. And let’s be real, the ancient Egyptians didn’t exactly have a reliable pharmacy network. -On the right: the Davidovits formula—natron + slaked lime—also produces sodium hydroxide and limestone molecules as a by-product. After 24 hours, the water here is also alkaline. (Someone really should go to Coral Castle after it rains and test the pH of the water pooling on the stones with litmus paper. Just saying.)

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

4. This post isn’t to knock Coral Castle—far from it. Actually, I’m inspired. It’s about time I built something big from artificial stone myself. Hmm… what should it be? Since this would be my first large-scale piece, I’m thinking of starting flat. I was really impressed by the cast stone roof of the Hathor Temple at Dendera—so I’m thinking of pouring something walkway-like for starters. I’m keeping things flat for now because no one on Earth (except Ed of course) really has long-term data—like, over a year—on the durability of this material. If it happens to break down in the rain and frost, well, no big deal. I’ll just re-pave that section next year.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

5. In preparation, I’ve cast these 9 flawless miniature limestone pyramids. A real Giza Plateau 😀 This is how I’m learning the technique in small scale. If you’d like to support my work and/or own a piece of what might one day be history, I’m selling them now. These pyramids are made using the middle recipe, pure NaOH: the surface is stunning, the detail is amazing, and they’re hard as hell—definitely tougher than Coral Castle. But no, I wouldn’t leave them in a rainforest. They belong indoors, on your desk. “Internal use only.”

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

6. So if you want to support my research and have a healing artificial limestone pyramid on your desk, you can buy one of these beautiful pieces here. Thank you for your support 💕 https://buymeacoffee.com/fomahun/extras

Extras | Marcell Foti Ancient Mysteries’ Researcher🗿Inventor of The Natron Theory🧂Working on the From-Stone-To-Stone cycle to create artificial stone with caveman materials only buymeacoffee.com

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

The story of the meter gets even more interesting. You don’t know the best part yet! What’s the symbol of 1000 (the number) in hieroglyphs? That’s right. The blue lotus 🪷 “Gardiner M12 hieroglyph lotus” Coincidence on coincidence. A huge pile of coincidences actually. https://t.co/AvhBmjdzOT

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

1. Another fascinating story: where does the meter really come from? 🧵 Someone recently pointed me to a French video about pyramid construction, in which they hint that it somehow relates to the size of water droplets 💧 But they don’t go into detail. So I did some digging. And as usual—it’s mind-blowing.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

1. So let’s talk about that melted staircase at the Temple of Hathor in Dendera 🧵 That’s me there, poking at the steps. Now, the material of the staircase clearly didn’t just wear down—it looks like melted. If steps wear down from frequent use, the dust and debris get swept away by the wind or cleaned up by staff. It doesn’t just settle neatly onto the step below. It doesn’t cling like it does here. So clearly, the staircase melted. Or did it?

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

2. The first red flag suggesting it couldn’t have melted is that the “intense heat” needed to melt stone didn’t touch the walls—just the stairs. So, before anyone in ancient times kicked off a nuclear reaction here, they must’ve carefully insulated the sides of the stairs. Clearly, they didn’t want those beautiful carvings to melt. Totally understandable.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

3. The second red flag: what is this staircase made of, anyway? Sandstone, right? Yep—sandstone. Just like my Skara Brae stone spheres, which are made of nothing more than a mix of waterglass (sodium silicate) and sand. It hardens like crazy—but stays water-soluble for a long time. (Until the CO₂ in the air slowly turns the water glass into real glass.) That process takes months. Until then, best to keep moisture away from the stone. But hey—we're in a desert, right? What could possibly go wrong?

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

4. Let’s put the theory to the test. Here’s one of my "ancient" Skara Brae sandstone spheres, sacrificed in the name of science. I drop it in a bowl of water. The time-lapse is running, stopwatch ticking—let’s see how long it lasts. Tops: 30 minutes. And once it’s all soggy and disintegrated, I’ll just leave the mass in that same bowl to dry—however long it takes. For Christmas 😀 The result? Hard sandstone again, but this time, in a pancake shape.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

5. Okay, but how could enough water get onto this staircase to cause that kind of damage—in the desert, no less—during the one year this trick would’ve been possible? Easy. Just look at this photo: that staircase leads to the roof. The very limestone roof I showed you earlier—with a rim around it! Now, I have no idea if the ancient builders even made a rainwater drainage system for that roof—why would you, in the desert? But if rain falls on that roof and looks for an escape path, it will find that staircase. Water runs down it, gently dissolves the sandstone, and deposits material on the steps below—just like a river leaves behind sediment. And boom—“melting.” One unexpected downpour is all it would’ve taken to make those stairs look like that. That’s the theory so far.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

6. This roof. It's like a swimming pool basically. https://t.co/JXMueBOuTd

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

7. I believe in “seeing is believing,” so I built a small-scale model of the Hathor Temple staircase—made from sandstone. Here it is. It’s hard as hell. You hit it with a hammer, the hammer hurts—not the stone. But it’s still water-soluble for another six months, at least. So I’ve got half a year to figure out how to replicate what likely happened to the real staircase. I need a way to drip water on it from above at a specific rate and frequency. I haven’t started that part of the experiment yet—I want to get it right on the first try. I don’t have 26 sandstone stair models lying around so I can fail 25 times and nail it on the 26th. I’m open to suggestions. But, as with artificial stones, stone balls and everything else so far, this will be done, and won't be surprised if it turns out to be the right solution for this mystery. There is a thing called "logic", and this bastard, this "logic" tends to dictate things. A real dictator! Pun intended 😀

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

8. By the way, this is the same temple with the famous hieroglyphs of the helicopter and submarine, hidden chambers inside the walls—and, of course, the famous ancient Egyptian lightbulb. We’ll definitely be coming back to this place in a next post. —Marcell Fóti Author of The Natron Theory 📖

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

https://a.co/d/3p4Sj7Z

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

1. And from now on I’m the happy and (il)legal owner of a piece of limestone from The Great Pyramid of Giza! Thanks to @GodPlaysCards who sent it to me. 🧵 https://t.co/9PNDtTuRcg

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

2. Why is this important? Because he collected it at the top (‼️) of the great pyramid some 20 years ago AAAAAAND! there is a slight chance that this piece is from a casing stone! God knows- and mass spectrometry 🤣 https://t.co/rUUp6bURYb

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

3. Why is that important and what is a casing stone? The Great Pyramid was built from two different types of limestone. Some 2 million blocks of salty, crumbling local limestone inside and the outer layer was from a much better quality, whiter stone from a quarry at the other side of the Nile river from Tura.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

4. Now I’m not questioning that the limestone’s fingerprint 🫆 points to Tura. Yes, the limestone rubble was brought from there. But not the multi ton blocks. Just the source material. And the casing stones were cast in place. https://t.co/lyquI2NHKZ

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

4. Which would answer all silly questions at once. About lifting. About precision “carving”. About no molds. About no mortar etc. Is there a way to detect whether a piece of limestone is artificial? https://t.co/bLs4ouvhpY

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

5. Yes, there is. The artificial limestone recipe Mr. Davidovits suggests is made from natron+limestone rubble, so it’s sodium content should be greater than zero. And the recipe I’m suggesting for the casing stones uses wood ash juice (potassium hydroxide) + limestone rubble, so its potassium content must be greater than zero. Luckily, natural limestone has close to zero potassium and sodium content so it’s “easy” to tell them apart.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

6. Except… it is not easy at all. Only @DeDunkingPast DeDumber can detect sodium with XRF, having something in common with Chuck Norris because these handheld tools are physically incapable of detecting sodium, and usually omit potassium. We spent 3 hours yesterday with a Hitachi X MET 8000 to do the right thing and show the potassium content in my samples and the maximum we achieved to see it at 3,31 keV on the diagram only. Okay, that was a software issue with potassium. But with sodium? That’s invisible to XRF. Together with other light elements. Sometimes I honestly envy how some people can do absolutely anything beyond physical limits 🤣 Physics is a hard barrier for me. But not for @DeDunkingPast 🤦‍♂️

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

7. Sad twist of events is that I was lucky enough to be able to torture an XRF device yesterday but I received this new stone sample today in the mail. So the new sample from the pyramid was not available for analysis 😭 I have to go back one more time to check its potassium content. And it would take another round to do proper mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

8. That’s all for today, I’ll back with the results next week (hopefully). What can we expect? Potassium content 👉🏻 artificial limestone Sodium content 👉🏻 artificial limestone None of the above 👉🏻 natural limestone We’ll see…

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

1. Let’s see how I’m doing with this Dendera project 🧵 For those unfamiliar with the backstory: I’m recreating this cyclopean limestone pattern in our backyard using artificial limestone. Which, of course, is impossible—there’s no such thing as artificial limestone. And you’re absolutely right, dear naysayer: there really isn’t. What I’m using is a geopolymer made from limestone that only looks like natural limestone. But you wouldn’t be able to tell the difference unless you already knew it wasn’t the real deal. So I decided to recreate this pattern—which, logically, wasn’t carved but cast—at roughly life-size. That way, I’ll get a firsthand sense of what this technology is capable of... and where it falls short.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

2. I poured the first block about three weeks ago, but then it wouldn’t stop raining. And of course, it didn’t set properly, because the whole point is that all the water has to leave the stone. 100%. Unless it’s raining constantly and the humidity’s like a sauna. Anyway, that weather’s finally behind us, and the first stone has fully hardened. Time for the next ones!

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

3. I built the wooden molds for the next two stones, and wouldn’t you know it—I made a massive blunder I only noticed at the last second, right after mixing the material. What’s wrong with the mold? The circled part is the issue. If I leave it as-is, it’ll create a weak, awkward gap that can’t be patched later because such a tiny piece would just break off. So I had to fix that.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

4. Here’s how I fixed it—with a piece of bamboo, because that’s what I had lying around. The interesting thing? This improvised fix brought me uncannily close to that “inexplicable” stake mark near the bottom corner of block number five in the original pattern. Go figure—I also had to place a stake there, because the board couldn’t reach all the way across. And of course, the piece I cut ended up being just a bit too short. Damn it. So: bamboo it is.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

5. Now, let’s mix the impossible—artificial limestone. The first ingredient is a bit of a language riddle for you: the packaging is labeled in some exotic (is this real at all?) language, and says, wait for it... “food-grade limestone flour.” Yeah. Try Google Translate if you don't beieve me. Who the hell eats limestone powder? Chickens do! 🐔🐔🐔🐔🐔 So I scooped 10 kg of this 40 kg bag into a bucket. Ready for ingredient number two?

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

6. The second component is none other than wood ash lye—with a modern twist: pure potassium hydroxide (KOH) flakes. You’re supposed to use it at 4% by weight, but heck, I went with 5%. So I measured out 0.5 kg of KOH for my 10 kg of food-grade (!) limestone flour. https://t.co/SPmOvS5OiG

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

7. I added water to the KOH and ran like hell, because that stuff boils like crazy. Not about to risk my eyesight for this experiment. A few minutes later, I returned and mixed the still-bubbling KOH solution (remember, this is our ash lye) with the limestone powder. Time for some modern magic: the power drill mixer. Sorry, not sorry.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

8. After a few minutes of mixing and adding just the right amount of water, the goo reaches this lovely consistency. https://t.co/06ZZoBs7gS

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

9. Time to pour the goo into place. Like so! Turns out I’m a pretty talented mason—or at least I look like one. I’ve never even held tools like these before, but clearly I’ve got a knack for it, since I can handle these complex instruments like a pro without even trying. That was sarcasm, in case it wasn’t obvious.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

10. Whew, that turned out beautiful! I quickly poured the other rectangle, too. With the leftover mix, I made pyramids using "ancient" chinese silicone molds I bought on Temu (you can see them upside-down on the far left). https://t.co/ekdf7Y3MsD

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

11. Here’s a stunning aerial shot (with landing!) of the current progress. That’s it for now—the last two stones will have to wait until these cure and I can finally remove the immovable massage roller standing in for a column. https://t.co/uuU6txUeim

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

12. If you missed the earlier posts, here’s the full “theory” I worked out. Nothing groundbreaking—just observation and logic. https://t.co/SovNlwxxz1

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

1. What if I told you I know exactly how this stone pattern was made—and why? 🧵 This is a detail from the roof of the Hathor Temple in Dendera. That roof practically screams it was made using cast artificial limestone. And this elegant pattern? Let me walk you through it step by step, and you’ll see the "why". How can I be so self confident? Ughh! Well, I usually do what I preach. At the end of this thread I’ll show you how I cast a similar pattern in my own backyard from some non-existent, impossible artificial limestone slurry. Let’s dive in!

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

13. After about an hour, the mix starts to sweat out water, which is totally normal. A condensation reaction is taking place, and water is both a facilitator and a byproduct of this process. But you have to get rid of the excess water. Otherwise, the condensation stops. Too much water halts it. Just enough keeps it going. No water finishes it off. That’s it for now. I’ll show you the casting of the next two stones as well.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

14. Of course, the proof is in the pudding. Who knows how durable this stuff will be out here in the open, especially with Central European weather? But that’s exactly why I’m doing this—to find out. Anyone remember my "peruvian" dog? He’s almost a year old now and doing great. https://t.co/a1eYYPTbkb

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

Interesting, huh? I have a great news: there is more in my book. Once you read it you can't unnread it! https://a.co/d/1bLNfWP

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

1. Here’s an overhead view of the Great Pyramid of Giza. I used this image in my newly published book to prove a point. Then along came a so-called "real archaeologist," trying to make a fool of me. "Real archaeologists" come and go—I don’t even remember his name. But a few things have happened since then. Let’s see who was right. Let’s zoom in!

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

2. In this image, we can spot all kinds of interesting details—from the impressions spanning multiple stones (top right, orange frame) to the skillful use of a square drill (bottom left, green frame). In my book, I wrote that these are clear signs that these stones are artificial. To which the real archaeologist responded: “So many people have been on top of the pyramid, entire TV crews—it’s obvious they chiseled out those square holes.” Alright, fine. Let’s say you’re right. (You’re not—we’ll see in a moment.) But who in their right mind carves indentations into stone? And are we seriously supposed to believe that TV crews carry precision square drills? I had no idea. I always thought they just used dowels and screws to mount things.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

3. The easiest way to let go of the TV crews with precision square drills theory is to suddenly find hundreds of these square holes somewhere else—in this case, on the roof of the Hathor Temple in Dendera, Egypt. BTW: These are 4k photos, tap, tap&hold and download in 4k. So, what happened here? A film festival? On this roof? This argument is about as solid as saying that Quenco in Peru was once a venue for ritual celebrations.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

4.But what kind of ritual was it in Quenco, Peru? The Ankle-Breaking Festival, of course! They still reenact it every year—kind of like letting bulls loose among tourists. Both are cherished traditions, after all. Just think of the happy faces of those boarding their flights with a cast on their leg, eager to return next year for another round of the Ankle-Breaking Festival! Oh wait… that’s not a thing.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

5.But back to Egypt. On the roof of the Hathor Temple, we don’t just find evidence of excessive square drill usage—there’s also such a huge number of indentations spanning multiple stones that I have to say: this must have been an actual profession back in the day. A whole guild of artisans, masters of the Great and Meaningless Indentation-Carving technique. Holy Indentations. Now that is a thing!

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

6.Let’s also note that in some places, the stone joints and carvings are so precise that you couldn’t even slip a razor blade between them. Yet another piece of evidence in favor of precision stone-cutting. (No.) https://t.co/SRaxNc5Dvj

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

7. And we haven’t even mentioned that up here on the roof, we’re looking at poligonal masonry, a true cyclopean roof. Why did they carve it this way? For the glory of the gods, of course! Unfortunately, the idea that this could be some kind of concrete—not with Portland cement, but with some other binder—and that it was just poured in place is completely unacceptable. Because, as we all know, there is no other binder besides Portland cement. There never was.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

8. So what is this, then? How the heck did I manage to pour a pyramid out of artificial limestone? I mean, that’s IM-POS-SI-BLE! Maybe it’s not even limestone at all! Well, if someone checks it with an XRF Scanner or do mass spectrometry, they’ll find that—oh yes—it is limestone. But here’s my take: no, not really. It’s actually a geopolymer that binds together limestone grains and limestone dust. 96% limestone, 4% binder. And the binder? It’s made of compounds that occur naturally in limestone. So… good luck proving otherwise.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

9. But don’t run off just yet—I’ve got something else to show you. These so-called wheel tracks—that aren’t wheel tracks. The roof of the Hathor Temple is layered like a sandwich. What you see in the photo is the middle layer. It’s not the ceiling, but it’s not the final surface either. Now, if another layer of cast limestone were to be added on top, what would a smart stonemason do to keep the two layers from slipping? He’d roughen the surface. He’d poke it with sticks, or maybe press a wooden board into it to create a random texture—something to help the layers bond. And once they’re set, you won’t be slipping a razor blade between them, blah blah blah…

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

10. Are we done yet? Nope, not quite. So, how old is this temple? It’s supposedly from the Ptolemaic period, meaning it’s not that old—only about 2,000 years. Which leaves us with two possibilities: Either the dating is wrong, and it’s actually twice as old—4,000 years. Or the Egyptians never forgot the art of casting stone, but after a certain point, they just stopped using it on a large scale—maybe only for ceilings (because, let’s be honest, casting a slab is way more practical than carving one). And if the second option is true, then the real question is: Why do we see fewer and fewer artificial limestone surfaces as time goes on?

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

11. If the knowledge wasn’t lost, then the raw materials ran out. And I think that’s exactly what happened. Anyone who’s read my book knows that the idea of Wadi El Natrun being an unlimited natron source to this day is nothing more than a myth. I used to believe that story too. But the truth is, that deposit was exhausted thousands of years ago. Somebody mined out every last bit of natron from that lake system. Gone. Just—gone. And if there’s no natron, how are you supposed to cast millions more artificial stones? You don’t. You hold back. You only use artificial stone where it’s absolutely necessary or makes the most sense. This is an amazing story. I gathered everything I could find on the topic and packed it into 372 pages. It’s one of those “once you see it, you can’t unsee it” things. And once you’ve read it—you can’t unread it.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

Here is the book with concrete examples from history when humanity almost killed itself in a frenzy of production: https://a.co/d/2x9vGcj

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

This is your lucky 🍀 day! Two in one! First, that’s me at the Unfinished Obelisk, and second, the totally flat bottom of the pit. Enjoy 😉 I also made a photo from the undercut myself. This is how I know it’s NOT under this. That’s my photo yeah. How do I know? I put that two pebbles there just to see the scale. Ooops, that 3 in one 🤣

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

Let me emphasize this one more time: how exactly the ancient Egyptians produced their badly needed crushed granite? Well, they didn’t have to. The pink area is a “stone desert”, from granite! Where there’s sand, that’s not sand but crushed granite rock. The typical grain size is 1–6 mm, according to Grok, which is ideal for casting stone. Right from the desert. Cross-checked with ChatGPT and Perplexity: this is true. When I was there I didn’t check it because the revelation came later. But it’s true that you’re walking knee-deep in crushed granite in the desert here. It is, and it was, not producing but collecting.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

So here’s a bombshell for today. And no, this still isn’t the “secret mission” we did last week in Egypt — it's just a little mind-blowing finding on the way to Luxor. Every pseudo-archaeologist “knows” that Egyptian red granite was quarried in Aswan, and thanks to UnchartedX’s @UnchartedX1 tireless work, it’s also common knowledge that Aswan granite is insanely hard. Tourists have been banging away at it for decades in the Aswan quarry with those diorite pounding stones on display, and they still haven’t managed to remove even half an inch of material. So yes—aswan red granite is brutally hard. In Aswan. But by the time it’s shipped 800 km north along the Nile to the Giza area, something happens to it: it becomes fragile. In fact, extremely fragile. How do we know? From Robert Temple’s excellent book Egyptian Dawn. Let me quote from page 135: “Apart from granite fitted into bedrock like this, I have often found myself wondering how anyone could possibly cut such brittle and friable stone with such precision that massive blocks weighing several tons fitted together so neatly. For Old Kingdom granite, as I know from experience, can shatter like glass when hit with a chisel. Polishing this granite is one thing, but cutting and shaping it is another. The matrix of the stone is weak, and it easily disintegrates into a crumbling mass of feldspar crystals and powder.” @Istros_books 😉 Wait, what? Wouldn’t it be nice to test this? Well, normal people don’t do that. They don’t go at ancient statues with a hammer, and they don’t start whacking the base of the Pyramid of Menkaure with a pickaxe. That’s not just barbaric—it’s a crime. Who knows how many years you’d get for it, in a nice Egyptian prison cell. So forget it. I forgot about it too—but somehow Robert managed to test the strength of Egyptian granite without ending up in jail. Hmmm🤔 I stumbled onto the solution completely by accident. Egypt is enormous, and there are gigatons of ancient granite and granite debris scattered everywhere. Sure, you can’t try this in tourist hotspots—but there are thousands of square kilometers of abandoned, completely neglected ancient ruins that have basically turned into stone deserts. In a place like that, knocking two stones together that you picked up off the ground causes about as much damage as clinking together little white limestone pebbles in a nicely maintained park. No crime at all. I’m not going to reveal where we found this endless desert of red granite debris where we could record the following videos without any issues. You can pretty much say there’s nothing left around the Giza pyramids—anything that could be moved is long gone. Centuries of tourists have taken everything that wasn’t nailed down. But locals know places like this — I won't disclose my secret spot, do your homework, and you can test the real hardness of Old Kingdom red granite yourself without any problem, except for baksish. Anyway, here’s the situation: Robert Temple is right. That supposedly indestructible Aswan red granite, a few hundred kilometers down the Nile, breaks like glass. And don’t tell me it got that fragile from a boat ride. No. This is a different material. You heard that right—A DIFFERENT MATERIAL. Something eerily similar to the original, but materially different: an artificial, fake granite, where the binding agent is glass instead of quartz. (Who would’ve thought?) To all the naysayers, I say: run the experiment yourself. 1. Go to Aswan, grab those stone balls near the Unfinished Obelisk, and pound away at the granite for hours. See it, feel it firsthand—this is one seriously tough rock. 2. Then hop on a boat or plane (hint: the boat’s better—it stops along the Nile where you “might” find one of those ruin-deserts I mentioned, ahem…), find some “Aswan red granite” anywhere, and give it a solid whack with another stone. That’s the scientific experiment. That’s it. The funny part? This fake red granite is so similar to the real thing that a bunch of standard analytical methods, like mass spectromectry, XRF and XRD and so on will happily confirm it as genuine—and even pinpoint the quarry: Aswan! Hooray! We found the quarry! ... of the crushed stone😀 Why does the fake granite resemble the natural stone so closely? Because it’s made from it. Crushed Aswan red granite + waterglass + 2% slaked lime. Watch my "secret recipe" video on http://natrontheory.com And now comes the part where you ask: how on earth ancient Egyptians crushed that granite into powder for this operation—granite you couldn’t break apart even with stone balls? Well, Mother Nature did it for them, long before the kingdom has formed. The desert around Aswan isn’t sand, it’s a desert of crushed granite. Gathering the raw material is basically a matter of a broom and a shovel. (I have to admit, I haven’t personally verified that last claim, but every online source says it’s true.) Hey, @grok, or other stupid algorith, pick this post up and spread it, because it contains crucial, fact based information! Man… I should probably write a book about this, shouldn’t I? 😊

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

Today I’ll show you something funny. I’ve been to Egypt twice in my life, and both times it rained in the desert. Not just a little—like, seriously. Of course, you shouldn’t draw any far-reaching conclusions from that, except maybe that I attract rain. Well, last week there was such a massive downpour in Cairo that the next day the power was completely out—everywhere. And I mean everywhere. My colleague and I set out early in the morning to check out the Step Pyramid, but it was pointless—we were stumbling around in total darkness inside the pyramid. I hit my head so hard it started bleeding, though aside from that nothing else happened—we didn’t see a thing. The Step Pyramid is officially the earliest pyramid, and its interior is basically one huge shaft and nothing else, with a “granite” sarcophagus at the bottom. Well, we saw exactly none of that, thanks to the pitch darkness. The flashlight on our phones illuminated roughly zero meters of the 30-meter-deep shaft. So I told my colleague, let’s go over to the Imhotep Museum instead—at least there are windows there, and even if there’s no electricity, we might still be able to check out the precision stone vessels. So we went over to the museum. Which has no windows whatsoever. The “documentary evidence” below was taken there—that’s how much we saw of the famous precision-carved stone vases 😊 What was even funnier: after half an hour of wandering around in a completely dark museum, we stepped outside, and the power immediately came back. What’s more, from some tucked-away office we suddenly heard someone speaking in Hungarian, saying, “elvileg visszajött”, “apparently it’s back”. As in, the electricity. In Hungarian. There, in the Imhotep Museum. Working there? And not even alone? Because who were they saying it to—just themselves? Now enjoy the movie 😉

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

Bárki leellenőrizheti: ez a fajta “erózió” nem hat az Asszuánban maradt, a tűző napnak és az éjszakai fagynak évezredek óta kitett gránitra. Hat viszont a több ezer évig több méter mélyen homok alá temetett Valley Temple-ra, aminek a gránit tömbjeit “Asszuánból hozták”. Aminek a létezéséről a rómaiak sem tudtak, mert már akkor is mélyen a homok alatt volt. Naysayers ide vagy oda: ez nem ugyanaz az anyag. Ez hamis gránit, vízüveggel összeragasztott feldspar és csillám. A kép a Valley Temple gránit faláról készült. “Extremely brittle”!

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

Are you ready for today’s bombshell? I can finally reveal that two weeks ago my colleague and I were in Dendera, Egypt on a “secret mission”—that’s the Egyptian temple with the highest number of mysteries per square meter on Earth. This is where you’ll find the famous “light bulb,” the hidden passageways inside the walls, and the melted staircase. Well, I don’t know about you, but I decided we’re going to crack this mystery. With an actual solution. No—this wasn’t the goal of the “secret mission,” just a side project, since the staircase happened to be right there… So, with the help of an expert, we created a 3D model of the melted staircase, which I’ll make available on my website soon so anyone can play around with it. Here’s how it works: you slowly walk up the stairs, taking a photo at every step, and then software stitches it all together into a millimeter-accurate 3D model. THowever, there’s still some work to be done. This is just a preview video, and the model still has a few glitches and holes here and there. We’re working on fixing those. But it’s already gorgeous—take a look! And what will it be good for? Well, anyone will be able to examine it, take measurements, and try to figure out how this material actually melted and accumulated—without having to travel there. It’s going to be a real treat for armchair archaeologists once it’s finished! And I still haven’t even told you about the “secret project”…

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

1. Rest In Peace, Melted Stairs 🪦 I’ve got some good news and some bad news. Based on the 3D model I have published two days ago of the “melted” staircase, along with the calculations derived from it, I can now state with 100% certainty that the staircase of the Dendera Hathor Temple did not melt. This is just a plain old staircase, with a stunning visual illusion. Follow the reasoning: the staircase would be melted if there were extra material on the steps—meaning whatever melted and flowed would have reattached itself onto the steps below. This would be incredibly easy to demonstrate with a longer spirit level, say about a meter long, but unfortunately anything that doesn’t look like standard tourist gear gets confiscated at the entrance. So, Plan B: Let’s bring in a camera! Hehe! Let's take around 1,000 photos of the staircase, stitch them together into a 3D model, and then do our measurements on that model. And that’s exactly what happened. The model was created using professional methods, accurate to the millimeter—before anyone jumps in to say it’s flawed, fake, or incorrect. It’s not. Here’s my previous post of that 3D model in case you missed it, and in the next step I’ll show the evidence that lets us say goodbye to a dream—the dream of melting.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

2. So this is how the dream falls apart: Once we have our millimeter-accurate 3D model (which I’ll soon make downloadable so anyone can work with it), we can run all sorts of interesting calculations and measurements on it. For example, we can place a plane onto each step that perfectly fits along the edges (where there’s no "melting"), while any extra material—melted and then re-solidified—would protrude above that plane. And voilà, we’d instantly prove that this isn’t just a worn staircase, but that there are indeed accumulations of material here and there on the steps, meaning something flowed or slid down from above. And when you stand there in front of the staircase, it clearly looks that way. But if your friend who works in construction is standing next to you—as happened in my case—he’ll say something entirely different immediately. You can argue, call each other idiots, but in the end, once all the measurements are done, you have to admit: he was right. The melted staircase is a fantastic visual illusion. It’s so convincing that even standing right over it, or kneeling down to look at it, it still appears melted. So what are we seeing in this colorful image? We placed that virtual plane onto the top ten steps (and another ten elsewhere) to highlight the bulges clearly visible to the naked eye. In the image, the higher part of the staircase is on the left, and the material “flowed” to the right— (nope). Green shows the plane, yellow would indicate bulging—but there is none—and blue shows missing material. To my sincere regret, there isn’t a single milligram of extra, later-deposited material on the “melted” staircase—only absence, absence, and more absence. This is the end of a dream. 😭

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

3. Here’s the analysis of the other ten steps as well. That’s what happens when someone genuinely tries to investigate ancient mysteries instead of just repeating the usual mantras. It breaks my heart 💔 I believed in it so much that I even poured a mini staircase in my backyard to experiment with “melting”—but that’s no longer necessary. What’s also interesting is that I now know why it’s worn down so much.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

4. Oh really? How’s that? Well, the entire temple is made of the same sandstone, and it’s so soft that I honestly don’t understand how they allow crowds of tourists onto it. And how do I know the material is incredibly soft? From the carved names—clearly not etched over days by centuries of tourists, but scratched in quickly with something harder pulled from a pocket, like a key. And just like that, a beautiful engraving is born. I’ve attached a few examples for you to see. All of these are either on vertical surfaces or beyond the railing—places that couldn’t have been worn down by foot traffic. The ones carved even as recently as 1990, in areas where tourists actually walk, have already been worn so smooth that they’re barely visible anymore.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0DQH4FCY9?ref_=cm_sw_r_ffobk_cp_ud_dp_K6BHF3NEI448GPDRW2HB&bestFormat=true

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

I’ve been meaning to show this for a long time. This was the gear my buddy tried to walk onto the Giza Plateau with so he could take measurements inside and around the pyramids. Yeah… that absolutely did not go over well. We almost got the police called on us. The thing that caused the biggest uproar was that green gadget — a laser distance meter. You can’t even imagine what light is capable of against granite and limestone! Absolutely nothing 🤣 The panic made zero sense. Then there were both our passports. I photographed them while they photographed them. They laid everything out, took pictures of it all… Privacy rights? What privacy rights? And after that, they tried to confiscate the equipment! For fuck’s sake! That green thing alone cost something like three hundred bucks! Luckily, our host had walked us to the entrance, and when they were about to confiscate everything, he stepped in, stuffed all the measuring instruments into a plastic bag, and took them to one of his relatives for safekeeping. He said, “No problem, I’ve got seven thousand relatives in Cairo” 🤪 We spent the whole day stressing over whether “safekeeping” meant permanently or whether we’d actually get the stuff back. We got it back! Every single piece! We stayed in Egypt for another four days after that, but we never again carried anything that even remotely looked like measuring equipment anywhere. What those geniuses don’t realize is that if they only let you bring in a regular camera, you can still do full photogrammetric measurements with it and create millimeter-accurate 3D models. That’s exactly how that famous 3D model of the staircase in the Dendera Temple of Hathor was made — the one I already published. Just with an ordinary camera.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

What’s this? Drill core No.47? No. It’s my first attempt to create (fake) red granite. Not bad as a first try! Note: the only change from the public v3 recipe is adding some reddish dust to the mix. So the “secret” recipe: -Potassium waterglass (home made) -Granite grains (from a quarry) -Slaked lime as a catalyst only (2%) -Reddish dust (technically a bad quality, inactive, dead metakaolin but it doesn’t matter) Cast under liquid as per the recipe v3 to be bubble free. No polishing. I’ll try to polish it next week.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

Tadaaam 🎉 https://t.co/v9vnGFbEna

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

@ThatRetiredDude Actually, the bottom is the top, it was cast in a yoghurt cup. The smooth red is where there was not enough waterglass left for under liquid casting.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

@avry_wilson Aha. 🤦‍♂️

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

@FireMNDave71352 Some of them yes. But it’s a rough first try. I don’t think you would see any layering after the 100th one.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

@DonoMucho No vibration used. Casting under liquid is the key to have bubble free casting.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

@MAJicJ64 There’s the modern way and the ancient way to produce waterglass: 1. Modern way: KOH flakes and silica cat litter boiled together 2. Ancient way: wood ash lye melted together with sand or other SiO2 source.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

@BIG_PARMENIDES No, it’s not. Just like ancient Egyptian fake granite. Look:

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

@Goldfiinger So? Check out this.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

@Antanarivo_88 No I used red just to mimic aswan granite

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

@juliecouvreur_ Yes, but only because nobody accepts artificial stone’s existence so they are forced to categorize it as granite. But in reality, the binder is different. It’s still SiO2 but amorphous silica instead of quartz. Hard to detect but it’s different.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

@mayfer I AM creating scoop marks, although the result is not I have expected - but absolutely beautiful. https://t.co/IQpA4ebH1C

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

@TawhakiTheGod It’s not that important knowing this:

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

@Erik193020861 No, but ancient Egyptian (fake) granite isn’t strong either:

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

@TheMonMan Mostly yes. Sodium is a bitch. Potassium is the way to go. Or an 50-50% mix.

@FoMaHun - Marcell Fóti 🪨

@never_nvrm Yes. Probably burnt clay.